Floral Design Exam 2

What are the types and locations of traditional flower retailers?

full service flower (individual shops) shops, specialty flower businesses (affluent neighborhoods, near caterers/party planners/venues/conference centers), limited-service flower stores (hospitals, hotels, and supermarkets), and flower merchandisers (heavy trafficked areas)

free-standing shop, strip-center, shopping mall, business complex, floral department

The majority of floral shops are considered what type of floral shop?

full-service

What are some of the common names for flower merchandisers?

stem shops, bucket shops, cash-and-carry shops,

What are hardgoods vs. perishables?

hardgoods: vases, baskets, foam, wire and ribbons

perishables: fresh flowers, greenery, potted plants

What does wire service mean and were does that term come from?

historically: flowers were ordered through telegraphs

now: out of town orders; when a florist in one city receives an order and payment and then sends the order to another florist (near location of the delivery), who designs and delivers the arrangement

Name the two original wire service companies that are still in business today

Florists Transworld Delivery Association and Teleflora

Besides the "cost of goods" what are the 3 other categories of expenses of a floral shop that must be remembered and included in deterring the selling price of products?

operational expenses, labor, and profit

What is a specialized or a freelance designers?

specialized designer: usually works in a floral shop and specializes who focus on one type of work (like weddings)

freelance designer: specialty and limited-service shops or businesses contract out designs to a freelancer during peak seasons or special events

What is a trade association and what are the advantages to being a member?

. Generally a non-profit corporation, a trade association assists the in- dustry in educating its members and promoting its products and services in the marketplace

Benefits: increases credentials, stay up to date, receive information and additional training

What are SAF and AIFD and what do they emphasize?

Society of American Florists: only trade org that represents all segments of the floral industry in the US; involved in lobbying gov for the floral industry;

American Institute of Floral Design: premier org that accredits floral design as a profession--establishes high standards in the field

How do the concepts of harmony and unity differ in floral design?

harmony is preconstruction--choosing the design, flowers, and colors, size, shape

unity is during construction

What are style, composition, and design?

style-function or purpose, message, or expression of a design

composition: completed design

design: to carry out a project or the arrangement of parts into an artistic unit

What 3 parts make up the design process?

thinking, observing, practicing

How do flowers, foliage, containers, accessories, and placement relate to harmony and unity?

They all need to create the same mood or theme

Name some man-made accessories and also some from nature

man-made: ribbons, bows, plush animals, candles and signs

nature: pinecones, feathers, weeds, bamboo, berries, fruits, and vegetables

What are some way unity may be expressed

proximity, repetition, and transition

What is a mille de fleur design?

(meaning "thousands of flowers") incorporates many diverse flower varieties and colors into one composition, yet somehow blends together to make a unified whole

What is the simplest way to achieve unity when using repetition?

color

Color is a property of what?

light

How can colors change?

based on their surroundings, juxtaposition with other colors

What are the properties of color?

hue (red, green, etc.), value (light or darkness of a hue), and intensity (brightness or concentration)

color wheel

What are the foundation colors?

red, yellow, and blue

What are the primary, secondary, and tertiary colors?

primary: red, yellow, blue

secondary: orange, green, and violet

tertiary: red-organe, yellow-green, and blue-violet

What is the difference between shade and tint?

shade: add black to hue

tint: add white to hue

What are the characteristics of cool and warm colors?

warm colors: happy and cheery, feel warm, look larger, advance and move towards the viewer, blend easily with each other, can dominate an arrangement

cool colors: restful, peaceful, and soothing, less friendly, recede from viewers eyes, formal,

white flowers

there's a lot to choose from, elegant, useful natural, blends, clean pure, doesn't stick out well

Red

dominate, harder to mix, passion and love, good focal point

Pink

Romance, feminine, a lot of shades, technically a shade of red

Orange

adds brightens, can blend well, friendly, less intense than red

black

don't appear in nature, deep reds and purples can look black, add depth, makes other colors look darker and richer

yellow

submissive, easy to mix, friendly, annoying by itself, a lot of flower options

green

soothing and restful, not many green flowers

blue

peaceful, many blue flowers are actually purpose, raced and fade into background

purple

rich, dramatic hue, can be cool or warm, depending on neighboring colors

how does color help achieve balance, depth, focal point, rhythm, harmony, and unity?

balance: dark or bright colors appear heavier than light or dull colors; place dark or bright colors near the rim of the design

depth: use a combo of warm and cool colors

focal point: color contrast or use a dark or bright color near base of arrangement

rhythm: use similar colors throughout an arrangement

harmony: use colors that go together

unity: cohesive color scheme

Achromatic

without color, all white

can be boring; add variety in shape, texture, and size

analogous

use 2 or 3 colors next to each other

easy to create harmony

triadic

3 colors equal spaced on the color wheel

difficult to pull off; usually want to vary tints and shades

polychromatic

use of many varied hues from color wheel

very dynamic

use flowers of the same value

monochromatic

use tints or shade of the same color

can be boring; add variety in shape, texture, diff values, and size

complementary

opposite colors on the wheel

lively and great contrast

split complimentary

3 colors: hue + adjacent hues to its complement

double complement

4 colors: any two pairs of complements

offers a lot of diversity

alternate-complement

4 colors: a triad and a complement

When determining color schemes with fresh flowers, what color portions of the plant materials are considered neutral?

green

Which colors are neutral and can be added to arrangements without changing the color scheme?

white, black, and grey

What is a physical or mechanical balance?

the arrangement is structurally sound so it can stand on its own

What are the types of visual balance?

symmetrical, asymmetrical, radial, and open

Symmetrical balance

balanced on both sides, aka formal balance

Asymmetrical balance

leans towards one side

Radial balance

balance through circles

open balance

open space between flowers

Describe the golden rectangle, golden mean, and golden section

golden rectangle: 2 to 3 ratio for good proportion (proper rectangle)

golden section: division of form or line, ratio of smaller section to the larger is same as that of the whole--ratios 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, and so on

golden mean: division of a line, area, or object between 1/3 and 1/2

how do flowers, foliages, accessories, container, and surroundings relate to scale and proportion?

flowers: in scale with container and each other (huge flowers overshadow tiny blossoms)

container: dictates the size and shape of the design

foliage: in scale with flowers, mixture of foliage should be same scale as each other

surroundings: size or table/area where it will sit, size of the room, and viewing distance

What makes a flower or other element become a focal point?

contrast with surrounding flowers, dominates arrangement

Where is a focal point located in a traditional arrangement?

low and near the container rim

What are various ways to create a focal point?

location, isolation, contrast in color, use a form flower, size, texture, spacing, accessories

What is the simplest way to create a focal point?

color

What is line direction?

line direction: lines radiating from the focal point draw the viewer to the center of interest

What do isolation and framing refer to?

Isolation: when one element is isolated or sit apart from others

framing: encircling the entire composition with branches, stems, or other linear materials, drawing viewer to view the center more closely

What is rhythm in floral design?

repetition of similar elements throughout the design: colors, shapes, textures, lines

What is another name for transition and describe this technique

gradation or sequencing; connects one part of a composition to another; materials move in a progressing pattern of change, transition in color, value, intensity, size, height, form , or spacing

Describe line, form, space, and depth as they relate to floral design

line: give distinction to designs, express various moods and feelings, increase rhythm

What are actual, implied, and psychic lines?

actual: plain to see, follows a real line

implied: a pathway for the eye to follow, but no line actually exists, created by repeated elements

psychic line: no actual lines or repetitious elements form an implied line, we mentally connect two objects using directional facing

What do vertical, horizontal, curved, and diagonal lines do in design?

vertical: suggest power and strength, formal (static)

horizontal: stress width rather than height, peaceful and calm, stable, much slower eye movement (static)

diagonal lines: dynamic, cause more eye movement (dynamic)

curved lines: suggest motion, comforting, quick eye movement (dynamic)

What is directional facing?

directional facing: direction flowers are facing or pointing toward, facing away from center of interest or faced inward towards it

Is there an advantage to having many shapes/forms in one design?

greater visual satisfaction, same shape can be boring

What are form flowers?

distinctive flower shapes

What are ways to achieve increased visual depth?

angled lines and overlapping objects, size, color, and shade

How do angling stems and overlapping materials help?

angling:angles of the flowers and foliage stems; background stems angled slightly backwards, foreground stems are angled downwards, gradually angled for smooth transition

overlapping: when flowers hid parts of other flowers

What is emphasized when similar flowers are grouped?

When is texture best noticed?

up close

How can texture be emphasized?

in achromatic or monochromatic designs

Smooth, reflective surfaces portray what?

In contrast what do rough, dull surfaces suggest?

Why do spiky margins and various patterns suggest coarse texture?

What are the pros and cons to fragrance in floral design?

can be lovely and refreshing; can remind of past good or bad experiences, people can be sensitive to smells

Why should strong fragrances be avoided in hospital rooms?

in a small closed space

know about containers--functions, sizes, shapes, styles, colors, common materials, pros and cons

-must be deep enough to hold enough water

-large enough area for stems; neck must be wide enough for the stems

-heavy enough to physically support the weight

-shape should flow physically and visually with the arrangement

-must be in scale and proportion with flowers and settings

-style, opulent or simple

-neutral container colors are tints and shades of green, tan, gray, and brown

-glass: cheap, different colors and shapes, but you can see through to the mechanics

-plastic: come in lots of shapes, sizes, styles, and colors; cheap, light and can tip over

-baskets: lots of styles, shapes, and colors, must need a liner and have stability problems

-cermaic: heavy, less options

-metal: can be heavy, more expensive, inexpensive ones can leak, need a liner

Which color from the color wheel is most versatile for containers?

green

What does mechanics refer to?

stability and quality of a floral composition

Know about foundation, natural stem grids, floral foam and the best way to soak, cut, and secure floral foam?

foundation: the angle and position of the flowers with the design

natural grid: simply placing the stems in the vase at slight angles to one another

natural stem grid: interlocking foliage and flower stems

floral foam: porous material for arranging flowers; let it float feeling in a clean sink with floral preservatives mixed in the water, takes several minutes, leave in water until it has stopped bubbling; must be cut with a knife, waterproof tape can be used to secure it

What is lacing?

a natural stem grid using interlocking foliage and flower stems

What are pin holders?

aka needlepoint holder and frogs, is a heavy metal base with many closely spaced, sharp-pointed pins sticking upright, secure inside a container with clay or tape, good for designs with few flowers

Know about wire types, gauges, uses, etc.

gauge: thickness of wire, the smaller the number the bigger the wire

striaght wire is used to strengthen weak stems, support heavy flower heads, and bind things.

Are there any pros/cons with using green enameled (painted) wire in floral arrangements?

it blends with stems and is easy to disguise, does not rust easy

Know about adhesives, tapes, clays, pins, picks, paints, sprays

adhesive dots and strips: have strength of glue and convenience of tape

waterproof tape, aka anchor tape, ideal for securing wet foam to containers

clear tape: used to make design grids at the top of vases

double-faced tape: sticky on both sides and is temp and moisture resistant; secures foam cages, votive cups, bows

floral tape, aka green tape, clings to itself only when stretched; used to rap wire, bind materials

floral clay: putty-like, moisture resistant, secure things in water, liners to containers

corsage pins fasten flowers to clothing or to pin ribbon or flowers to Styrofoam

decorate pin or pricks can be used to add fashion to a boutonnière

Greening pins, aka fern pins, are u shaped and used to secure moss into foam

anchor pin: secure floral foam into a container

wood picks: use to anchor things

floral spray: alter the color of a flower, depending on how dark

anti-transpirants and sealers: reduce water loss due to transpiration

What are popular accessories?

ribbon, bows, plush toys, candles, and balloons

What are the pros to satin acetate ribbon?

cheap, lots of colors and widths

What are the most common ribbon widths and uses?

3 (for corsages, bouquets, small plants and planters), 9(also those listed for 3 but on bigger scale), and 40 (casket sprays, funeral easels, and larger designs)

What are the 3 types of candles?

taper candles: slim, cylinder candles that are narrower at the top than the bottom, placed in candlesticks

Pillar: column candles, are wide and cylindrical and can be anchored into floral designs or placed in candle holders

votive: small, molded candles placed in protective decorative glass holders

Why are glowing lights used?

no fire hazard, can use in buildings where candles aren't allowed, use in wind, want different colors

Why are flowers and foliages categorized by form/shape?

bc it influences the design

Name 4 categories of flowers and foliages and their function in a design

line: (skeleton flowers): linear, tall and long with several blossoms

1. used to create height, width, and depth

2. used to framework the arrangement

3. gradation: the flower is narrower at the top and thickens at the bottom, draws the eye down

form: (tropicals or exotics): distinctive form and shapes that are captivating

1. used at or near the rim of the container

2. directional facing: you can face flowers a certain way to angle your eye in a certain direction

3. form foliage: usually based off color, not shape

mass: add mass to an arrangement

1. solitary-type flowers consisting of a single rounded flower

2. mass foliage: salal and leather-leaf

1. use it cover your mechanics, things you con't want people to see

filler: usually spray or branching and have tiny flowers

1. used to fill empty spaces

Why do some flowers fit into several shape categories?

depending on placement and function

flowers/foliage/accessories in more than one shape category

close tulips, mass flowers, opened are form flowers, long stemmed become line flower, short and small tulips could be filler

sunflowers can be form or mass flower

agapanthus can be mass flower, line, or filler

When using all four shapes in one design, what is the typical order of arrangement and why?

line flowers and foliage first; form flowers to make an emphasis; mass flowers throughout the design to support the focal area; filler flowers last