Advanced bio topic 1

plasma membrane

semi-permeable barrier around the cells that controls what enters and leaves

cytoplasm

fluid inside the cell where organelles sit and chemical reactions happen

nucleus

directs cell activities and stores DNA which codes for protein

ribosome

builds proteins by linking amino acids together

mitochondria

organelles that produces energy (ATP) for cell respiration

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

network of membranes covered in ribosomes that helps make and transport proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

network of membranes that makes lipids and helps detoxify chemicals

Golgi apparatus

stack of membranes that modifies, sorts and packages proteins and lipids for transport

lysosome

contains digestive enzymes that breakdown waste and old cell parts (garbage collectors)

chloroplast

captures sunlight to make glucose through photosynthesis

central vacuole

storage sack that contains water

cell wall

rigid outer layer that provides protection, support and structure

starch grain

storage structure where glucose is stored as starch for later energy

Eukaryotic cells

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

prokaryotic cells

cells without a nucleus and don't have membrane-bound organelles

differences between plant cells and animal cells

plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and a vacuole and animal cells have lysosomes

Hydrophobic

water fearing - tails

hydrophilic

water loving - heads

components of phospholipid bi-layer (membrane)

phospholipid, proteins, cholesterol

types of proteins in phospholipid bi-layer

integral protein, channel protein, carrier protein

facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

proteins help diffuse large molecules through the membrane that do not fit through the gaps between the phospholipids

simple diffusion (passive transport)

movement of a solute from areas of high concentration to low concentration to achieve equilibrium

active transport

when energy is used to move molecules from areas of low concentration to high concentration

hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic environments

hypotonic is when there is more water and less solute outside the cell, hypertonic is when there is less water and more solute outside the cell and isotonic is when it is even

osmosis

movement of water from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

plasmolysis

the shrinking of the cytoplasm and plasma membrane away from a plant cell wall