Unit 2: Manifest Destiny and The Civil War Review

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering Jacksonian Democracy, westward expansion, territorial acquisitions, Civil War events and strategies, and Reconstruction.

Jacksonian Democracy

An effort during Andrew Jackson's presidency to make the government more directly responsible to the people.

Land Ownership Voting Requirement

A qualification for voting that was dropped just prior to the Jacksonian Era, representing the expansion of the vote.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Legislation based on forced removal of Native Americans to the West, passed because Jackson believed assimilation would not work, white settlers wanted lands, and Native Americans were not considered citizens.

Presidential Veto (Jacksonian Era)

The executive power used by President Andrew Jackson more than all previous presidents combined to increase presidential power.

National Bank (Jackson's View)

An institution that symbolized Eastern elites' wealth and power to President Andrew Jackson.

Manifest Destiny

The doctrine and belief that America should expand its territory all the way to the Pacific coast.

Louisiana Purchase

Territory purchased by the United States from France for 4 cents an acre (labeled D on the territorial map).

Oregon Territory

Territory gained in the Pacific Northwest through an agreement and negotiation between Britain and the United States (labeled A on the territorial map).

Adams-Onis Treaty

The treaty through which the United States gained Florida from Spain (labeled AC on the territorial map).

Texas Annexation

Land incorporated by the United States after winning independence and a brief war with Mexico (labeled E on the territorial map).

Mexican Cession

Territory gained in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which concluded the Mexican-American War (labeled B on the territorial map).

Gadsden Purchase

A strip of land bought by the United States from Mexico to provide an easy southern railroad route to Southern California (labeled C on the territorial map).

U.S. Territorial Acquisitions (Map Identification)

A: Oregon Territory; B: Mexican Cession; C: Gadsden Purchase; D: Louisiana Purchase; E: Texas Annexation; AC: Florida Cession.

Monroe Doctrine

A foreign policy statement designed to prevent European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

Mexican-American War Causes

A conflict triggered directly by a dispute over the southern boundary of Texas, driven by the annexation of Texas, desires to expand to the Pacific, and pro-slavery groups favoring more slave states.

Sectionalism

A political condition where different regions of the country act out of narrow self-interest rather than national interest.

Expansion of Slavery

The most intensely argued sectional issue in the United States prior to the Civil War.

National Supremacy vs. States' Rights

The constitutional conflict between Article 6 and the 10th Amendment that divided the nation before and during the Civil War.

Missouri Compromise

An agreement demonstrating Congress's ability to compromise on slavery, in which Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state.

Compromise of 1850

A congressional agreement in which California was admitted as a free state and a tough fugitive slave law was enacted.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Legislation establishing that the people residing in the territories, not politicians, make the decision to allow slavery or not.

Underground Railroad

A network operating before the Civil War that used code terms like 'conductor' and generally moved freedom seekers from the South to the North.

Abolition Movement

The social and political movement dedicated to ending the institution of slavery.

Northern Civil War Strategy

A three-part plan to win the war: blockading Southern ports, squeezing the South from the east and west, and seizing control of the Mississippi River.

Battle of Gettysburg

The decisive turning point battle of the Civil War after which the North took the upper hand in winning the war.

Total War

A military strategy employed by Generals Grant and Sherman that targeted not only the Confederate Army but also the civilian population of the South.

Emancipation Proclamation

An executive proclamation issued by Lincoln that freed enslaved people living in areas rebelling against the Union, serving as a critical step toward complete abolition.

Reconstruction

The historical era dedicated to rebuilding and reuniting the country after the conclusion of the Civil War.

Radical Republicans

A congressional faction during Reconstruction whose policies sought to punish the South and integrate former slaves into society.

Freedmen's Bureau

A federal agency whose primary purpose was to help former slaves adjust to life in freedom.

Black Codes

Laws passed in the South designed to restrict the economic and social lives of freed African-Americans.

13th Amendment

The constitutional amendment that formally abolished slavery in the United States.

14th Amendment

The constitutional amendment that granted full citizenship to former slaves.

Sharecropping and Crop-Lien Systems

Post-Civil War agricultural systems that trapped freed African-Americans in economic dependency similar to slavery.

Compromise of 1877 (End of Reconstruction)

The political agreement in which Union troops were withdrawn from the South in exchange for Hayes securing the presidency.