Mechanisms Midterm - All Quiz Questions

zygote

the single cell formed by fertilization of an oocyte by a sperm

week 8

the embryonic period of development ends at the end of

dorsal

in which side of the embryo does the spinal column develop?

the second meiotic division

immediately after entry of the sperm head into the cytoplasm of the oocyte, the oocyte completes

increase the number of cells but not the size of the embryo

the cleavage divsions producing the morula

inner cell mass

in the blastocyst, the embryo develops from the

bilaminar disc

after implantation, the embryo develops as a

syncytiotrophoblast

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is produced by the

epiblast

the floor of the amniotic cavity is formed by the

trilaminar disc

gastrulation is the process that forms the

both the cranial-caudal and left-right axes

the primitive streak determines

notochord

what structure induces the formation of the neural plate?

mesoderm

somites develop from

cranial to the developing forebrain

before formation of the head and tail folds, the primordial heart lies

gut tube

the lateral folds of the embryo roll the endoderm layer of the embryo into a cylinder, forming the

the study of body function

what is a definition of physiology?

the study of disorders of functioning

what is a definition of pathophysiology?

the study of body structure

what is a definition of anatomy?

• groups of cells that make up the skin

• groups of cells that line the lungs

• groups of cells that line the intestinal tract

examples of epithelial tissues

the set of chemical reactions that are carried out in the body

what is metabolism?

the ability to maintain a steady state of functioning despite internal and external changes

what is homeostasis?

nucleic acids

cell membranes contain all of the following except what?

• proteins

• nucleic acids

• phospholipids

  • cholesterol

the movement of solute molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

diffusion is

the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high concentration

osmosis is

alveoli and capillaries

simple squamous epithelium is found in the

loose and fibrous connective tissues

fibroblasts are the main cells found in

serous membranes

membranes that cover organs and surfaces in closed body cavities are

intracellular fluid

most of the body water is contained in the

potassium ion

the principal cation in intracellular fluid is

bicarbonate buffer system

the buffer system most important in regulation of blood pH is the

proteins

blood plasma contains

the percent of blood made up of red blood cells

the hematocrit measures

normoblast

the last stage of red blood cell development that contains a nucleus is the

120 days

the typical lifespan of a red blood cell is

macrophages

damaged red blood cells are removed from the circulation by

lymphocyte

which of the following cell types is NOT a granular leukocyte?

• eosinophil

• lymphocyte

• neutrophil

• basophil

the percent of each type of leukocyte

the differential white blood count of the complete blood count (CBC) measures

the response to infection

white blood cells function in

megakaryocytes

platelets are produced by

membrane-bound cytoplasmic cell fragments

platelets are

vitamin K

the vitamin needed to synthesize many blood clotting proteins is

liver

blood clotting proteins are made in the

activation of platelets

blood clotting is most often initiated by

fibrin

blood clots are made mostly of

action of antithrombin proteins

the blood clotting process is normally stopped by

left subclavian vein

lymphatic vessels from the lower body join into the thoracic duct which empties into the

macrophages

bacteria and foreign materials collected in lymph fluid filter through lymph nodes and are phagocytized by

produce red blood cells

which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen in adults?

• phagocytize pathogenic bacteria

• phagocytize old red blood cells

• store and release platelets

t-cell lymphocytes

the thymus is necessary for development of immune competence in

causes the inflammatory response

innate immunity

antibody production

which of the following is NOT part of innate immunity?

• phagocytes

• barriers

• the complement system

• antibody production

natural killer cells

adaptive immunity involves all of the following EXCEPT

• t-cell response

• b-cell response

• response to specific antigens

• natural killer cells

thymus

maturation of lymphocytes to allow them to distinguish between self and non-self occurs in the

t-cell lymphocytes

cell-mediated immunity is produced by

b-cell lymphocytes

antibodies are produced by

IgG

the most abundant immunoglobulin in blood is

both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity

phagocytosis of foreign antigens, digestion into protein fragments, and “presentation” of the fragments on the cell surface of macrophages and other cellsis the first step in

opsonization

labeling of a foreign antigen by binding with an antibody to target it for phagocytosis is called

two light chains and two heavy chains

immunoglobulin monomers (like IgG) consist of

activating memory cells leading to large amounts of antibody production

a vaccine booster shot increases immunity to a disease by

hormones

endocrine glands secrete

the bloodstream

unlike other glands, endocrine glands secrete directly into

all of these

endocrine hormones are

• proteins and peptides

• biogenic amines

• steroids

negative feedback mechanisms

hormone levels are controlled by

pituitary gland

the secretion of many endocrine glands is controlled by the

hypothalamus

hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland are synthesized in the

increase water reabsorption

secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary gland causes the kidney to

hypothalamus

secretion of anterior pituitary gland hormones is controlled by releasing hormones synthesized in the

GH (growth hormone)

anterior pituitary hormone that acts directly on tissues rather than by stimulating other endocrine glands is

thyroxine (T4)

iodine is needed to synthesize

low blood calcium (hypocalcemia)

parathyroid hormone is secreted in response to

beta cells of the pancreatic islets

insulin is made in the

gluoneogenesis

glucagon stimulates

epinephrine and norepinephrine

the adrenal medulla secretes

secretion of ACTH by the pituitary gland

cortisol levels are directly regulated by

endoderm

the lining of the pulmonary tree is derived from the

tracheoesophageal folds

the respiratory tract is partitioned from the foregut by growth of the

all of these

normal lung development requires

• fetal breathing movements

• adequate thoracic space for lung growth

• adequate amniotic fluid volume

bronchioles

all of the following parts of the upper respiratory tree contain cartilage EXCEPT

• bronchioles

• larynx

• trachea

• bronchi

all of these

the pleural membranes

• secrete fluid to prevent friction

• cover the outside of the lungs

• line the inside of the chest wall

squamous epithelium

most of the alveolar wall is made up of

pulmonary surfactant

alveolar collapse due to surface tension is prevented by

is less than atmospheric pressure

intrapleural pressure

all of these

during inspiration (inhalation)

• the intrapulmonic pressure falls below atmospheric pressure

• the intercostal muscles move the ribs upward and outward

• the diaphragm contracts and moves downward

is a passive recoil process

expiration (exhalation)

the volume of air moved in one normal inhalation and exhalation

the tidal volume is

the pressure oxygen gas exerts in a mixture of gases

the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is

differences in partial pressures across the membrane

diffusion of O2 and CO2 across membranes is driven by

all of these

the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SaO2) is

• related to the pO2

• higher in arterial blood than in venous blood

• the percent of hemoglobin that is oxygenated

bicarbonate

transport of carbon dioxide in the blood is mainly in the form of

endoderm

most of the gut is derived from

foregut

the liver is a derivative of the

umbilical cord

rotation of the midgut occurs while the small intestines are contained in the

starch

saliva contains the digestive enzyme amylase which breaks down

lower esophageal sphincter

gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) is cuased by dysfunction of the

mucosa

in the stomach and intestine, digestive enzymes are secreted by the

parietal cells

in the stomach, HCl is produced by the

vitamin B12

intrinsic factor is secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach and is needed for abrosption of

small intestine

the process of digestion is completed in the

bile salts

the liver participates in digestion by production of