[MOD3LAB] Head, Neck, Shoulder, And Trunk Muscles

Flexion

A movement that decreases a joint angle, usually in the sagittal plane

Extension

A movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position

Hyperextension

Extension of a joint beyond the zero position

Abduction

The movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

Adduction

A movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline

Elevation

A movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane

Depression

A movement that lowers a body part in the frontal plane

Protraction

The anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

Retraction

The posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

Rotation

A movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis

Supinatinon

A movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward

Pronation

A movement that turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward

Dorsiflexion

A movement in which the toes are elevated

Plantarflexion

A movement of the foot so the toes point downward

Inversion

A foot movement that tips the soles medially

Eversion

A movement that tips the soles laterally

Origin

The bony site of a muscle’s attachment at the relatively stationary end

Insertion

The bony site of a muscle’s attachment at the more mobile end

Prime mover (agonist)

The muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action

Synergist

A muscle that aids the prime mover

Antagonist

A muscle that opposes the muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action

Fixator

A muscle that prevents a bone from moving

Intrinsic muscle

A muscle entirely contained within a particular region

Extrinsic muscle

A muscle that acts upon a designated region but has its origin elsewhere

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Masseter

Elevation and protraction of the mandible

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Buccinator

Allows cheek compression; blowing up a balloon, playing a wind instrument

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Temporalis

Elevation and retraction of the mandible during chewing

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Orbicularis oris

Closes and protrudes lips; puckering

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Orbicularis oculi

Closes the eyelid; winking

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Sternocleidomastoid

Contraction of one - rotation of the head

Contraction of both - flexion of the head

What are the origins and insertions of the sternocleidomastoid?

Origins - clavicle and manubrium

Insertions - mastoid process and occipital bone

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Zygomaticus major

Elevation of the corners of the mouth; smiling muscle

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Trapezius

Elevate scapula (shrug); superior rotation of scapula; adduction of scapula; depression of scapula

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Deltoid

Flexion and medial rotation of arm; abduction of arm; extension and lateral rotation of arm

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Teres major

Medial rotation, adduction and extension of arm

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Supraspinatus

Abduction of arm

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Infraspinatus

Lateral rotation of arm

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Teres minor

Lateral rotation and adduction of arm

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Subscapularis

Medial rotation of arm

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Rhomboideus major

Retraction, adduction, and elevation of scapula

Same function as the rhomboideus minor

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Rhomboideus minor

Retraction, adduction, and elevation of scapula

Same function as the rhomboideus major

What muscles make up the rotator cuff? What does the rotator cuff do?

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor

Holds the head of the humerus in place

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Pectoralis major

Adduction, medial rotation, flexion, and extension of arm

What are the origins and insertions of the pectoralis major?

Origins - clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages 1-6, and aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique muscle

Insertion - humerus

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Serratus anterior

Abduction, superior rotation, and stabilization of scapula

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Latissimus dorsi

Adduction, extension and medial rotation of arm

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Pectoralis minor

Abduction, lateral rotation, and stabilization of scapula

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Rectus abdominis

Flexion of trunk, compression of anterior abdominal wall

What are the origins and insertions of the rectus abdominis?

Origin - pubis

Insertion - xiphoid process, costal cartilages 5-7

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External abdominal oblique

Rotation and flexion of trunk; compression of anterior abdominal wall and viscera

Its grains run in a V towards the groin

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Internal abdominal oblique

Rotation and flexion of trunk; compression of anterior abdominal wall and viscera

Its grains run in a V towards the head

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Transverse abdominal

Compression of anterior abdominal wall and viscera