Chapter 16 (?) - Spanish / Portuguese Empire Building and the Austronesians (Yay.)

I hope I got the pages right since Bramble-"Sensei" still hasn't posted them). A few of the stuff in this set is not directly mentioned (especially related to the Austronesians) but given Bramble's love of Geography and dumb questions I've included them. Also, some other gen. knowledge stuff about the Inca and Aztecs are included because I think they could be included as context on the quiz + they are important.

in 1511, ____ _____ sailed from Europe around the southern tip of Africa and eastward across the ____ Ocean, a member of the first Portuguese expedition to explore the East ___ (Maritime Southeast Asia).

Ferdinand Magellan, Indian, Indies

Magellan’s ships set off from spain in ___ to sail across the ___, round the tip of South ___, and sail across the ___ Ocean.

1519, Atlantic, America, Pacific

Of the five ships that set out from Spain In 1519, only ___ made the passage across the Pacific.

Three

Causes of death of Magellan’s sailors

Starvation, disease

There were no mutinies among Magellan’s ships True or False

False

On ____ ___, ___ (THIS IS A DATE), Ferdiandn Magellan died while aiding the forces of a ___ ruler who had promised to become a ___.

April 27, 1521, Philippine, Christian

Magellan’s expedition burned the least ___ of their remaining ships, consolidating ___ and ___.

seaworthy, men, supplies

In the end, only the ____ made it across the Indian Ocean and back to Europe, returning on ____ ____, ____ (DATE).

Victoria, September 8, 1522

A ___ of daring and dangerous voyages backed by the ___ crown opened new trade routes through the South Atlantic to ___, ___, and the rich trade of the ___ ocean.

century, Portuguese, Africa, Brazil, Indian

Rival voyages to the Portuguese were sponsored by ___ since ___ and opened new contacts with the ___ continents.

Spain, 1492, American

The new Maritime era lead by the Europeans marked the end of a long period when ___ had initiated most overland and Maritime expansion.

Asia

The success of ____ voyages of exploration in the following century would redirect the center of ___, ___, and ___ from ___ to the ___.

Iberian, power, wealth, innovation, Asia, West

Ships were the most effective / profitable method of moving people and goods at the time - True or False

True

By 1450, daring mariners had discovered and settled most of the ____ in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, but no one had yet crossed the ___ in either direction.

Pacific

The aborigines of this island were also cut off from the rest of the world, much like the American Indians.

Australia

The smalller ___ remained a barrier to contact between the Americans and Afro-Eurasia.

Atlantic

The archipelagos and coastal regions of Southeast ____ were connected in networks of _ and _ exchange from an early adte.

Asia, trade, cultural

The languages of Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, as well as coastal Thailand, Southern Vietnam, Camodia, and Hainan all originated from a common ___ linguistic root.

Austronesian

Scholars use the term ___ ____ or ___ to identify the early people of maritime Southeast Asia specifically.

Malayo Indonesians, Malay

Island of origin of the Austronesians and the Austronesian languages. Called “Formosa” (lit. Beautiful, short for Beautiful Island) by the Portuguese

Taiwan

Maritime southeast Asian shipbuilding and sailing influenced later ___ and __ Maritime advances.

Chinese, Arabian

Around 350, these two direct sea routes between Sri Lanka and the South China Sea were discovered: through the straits of ___ and ___

Malacca, Sunda

These people, the ___, were the first to use the ___ winds to extend their voyages for thousands of miles in the Indian Ocean, allowing them to settle ____ and reach East __

Austronesians, Monsoon, Madagascar, Africa

By the first century CE, the mariners and merchants of ___ and ___ ___ were trading across the region for ___, ___, and aromatic ___,

India, Southeast Asia, spices, gold, wood

Traders in the Indian Ocean sent spices as far west as ___ through __ intermediaries.

Rome, Mediterannean

The success of Indian and Mal[ay traders attracted ___, ___, and ___ mariners and merchants to the region, fully “completing” the Indian Ocean Maritime System.

African, Arab, Chinese

The type of ship used by Malay traders was called the ___.

Jong

The Arabs and Africans used this type of ship, called the ___ (it was also later built on the Malabar Coast of India).

Dhow

The Chinese used this type of ship, called the ___, which was also used in seven key expeditions led by Admiral ___ ___.

Junk, Zheng He

Around 3000 BCE, seafaring Austronesians originally from Taiwan reached the island of ____, interacting with the locals spurring cultural, economic, and agricultural development, alongside population growth.

New Guinea

The arrival of Austronesians to New Guinea did not propel migration and settlement of other islands - True or False

False

The descendants of the peoples of New Guinea and Austronesians are called __ y archaeologists.

Lapita

The Lapita forged a new cultural identity as they colonized the island chains of ____, finally arriving as settlers in ___, ___, and ___ between 1000 and 800 BCE.

Melanesia, Tonga, Fiji, Samoa

By 500 BCE, a linguistically and culturally distinct __ culture began to emerge from thee Lapita origin.

Polynesian

Melanesia stretches from New Guinea to Fiji, including other islands like New Caledonia and Vanuatu. However, it does NOT include Samoa or Tonga. True or False

True

While Fiji is ethnically and linguistically Melanesian, there are some Polynesian influences in terms of social and political organization, True or False.

True

Polynesian populations pushed east from Tonga, Samoa, and Fiji to colonize the ___ and the ___ and ____ archipelagos sometime before 800 CE.

Marquesasa, Cook, Society

Polynesia is generally defined as islands laying within the Polynesian ___, whose vertexes are _____, ____, and the _____ islands. (NATIVE NAMES USED)

Aotearoa, Rapa Nui, Hawaiian

Aotearoa is the Maori name for ____.

New Zealand

Rapa Nui is the Rapa Nui and also Spanish name for ____.

Easter Island

Regions of “Austronesia” / Austronesian settlement regions. (Two of these are individual islands which could theoretically be put in Island Southeast Asia)

Formosa, Island Southeast Asia, Madagascar, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia

Austronesian language family groups.

Formosan/Taiwanese, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Central Malayo-Polynesian, West New Guinea/South Halmahera, Oceanic

A second wave of discovery and settlement was launched soon after the first, with ___ and ____ providing most of the voyagers and settlers, with some sailing from the ___.

Samoa, Tonga, Marquesas

Polynesians established settlements on the ___ Islands, roughly ___ miles from the Marquesas and ___ miles from Samoa

Hawaiian, 2,300, 2,566

Polynesian society and political life was generally organized around ___ controlled by hereditary ___.

villages, chiefs

The ___ polity established control over the entire archipelago by 1000 CE and thus had the resources to project its power over long distances.

Tongan

Navigational and sailing skills were concentrated entirely in Tonga. True or False

False

Polynesian seafarers from ___ and __ often mixed fishing and regional trading voyages with longer exploratory voyages and colonizing ventures.

Tahiti, Marquesas

Sometime around 1200 CE Polynesians colonists settled ___ and ____. (Indigenous names used because they should be....)

Rapa Nui, Aotearoa

The Polynesians who settled Rapa Nui likely set off from the ___, and those who settled Aotearoa likely set off from the ____ and ___ Islands.

Marquesas, Cook, Society

After 1000 CE, Polynesians made contact with ____, trading with them and passing on the domesticated Asian ___, returning home with the ____ which became a staple crop throughout the Pacific.

South America, Chicken, Sweet Potato

After 1400 CE, outlying islands lost contact with the Polynesian Homeland, (contact which had previously been maintained), facilitating and accelerating unique cultural development. True or False

True

Type of ship used by the Polynesians on their voyages.

Outrigger Canoe

The largest outrigger canoes reached up to ___ feet in length and carried crews of up to ___.

120, 50

The most important feature of the outrigger canoe was the ____ connected to the two hulls of these crafts. You should draw this or something I don’t know how to explain this (or just watch Moana tbh).

wide platform

The wide platform let the Polynesians transport ____ and ___ critical to the success of settlements.

animals, plants

Polynesian voyages were only men, no women or children - true or false

False

All Polynesian communities used basically the same methods to live true or false

false

In Hawaii, the natives used _____ to convert forests to farmland, and ___ were built to increawes fish yields.

controlled burns, fishponds

Polynesians were totally peaceful and there were no wars among them in Aotearoa, Hawaii, Tonga, and Rapa Nui - True or false

False

The Polynesians relied upon the ___, ___, and ____ to navigate to land.

stars, currents, flocks of birds

The greatest mariners of the Atlantic in the Early Middle Ages were the ____

Vikings

These northern European raiders used their small, open ships to attack Europe’s coastal settlements for several centuries.

The Vikings

The Vikings first settled ___ in 770, and established a colony on ___ in 982.

Iceland, Greeland

By accident, a group of Vikings spotted ___ in 986.

North America

In 1001 CE, Vikings led by ____ established a short-lived viking settlement on ___, which he called ___.

Leif Ericson, Newfoundland, Vinland

___ and ___ expeditions pushed into the Atlantic, exploring and settling the islands of ___, the ___, and the ___.

Genoese, Portuguese, Madeira, Azores, Canaries

Portuguese mariners under the leadership of ____ adopted navigational instruments from China and the Arab/Greek World, the ____ and the ___.

Henry the Navigator, Magnetic Compass, Astrolabe

The ships used in the Mediterannean were called ____, and used crews of oarsmen.

Galleys

The ships used in Northern Europe had ___ masts and __ sails.

Three, square

Both Galleys and the ships of Northern Europe were suitable for the Atlantic - True or False

False

The largest crews of the galleys could not carry enough supplies for long voyages and the square-rigged northern vessels had trouble sailing at an angle to the wind. True or False

True

This type of ship was used by the Iberians and their size, smaller than the largest European Ships and Chinese Junks, allowed them to enter shallow coastal waters and to explore upriver. However, they were also strong enough to weather ocean storms.

caraval

The caraval could be equipped with ________, allowing them to take the wind on either side for enhanced manuverability. They could also be fitted with ____ for greater speed in a following wind.

triangular lateen sails, Square Atlantic sails

The addition of ___ made caravals good fighting ships as well.

small cannon

___ sailors eventually wrested control of the Indian Ocean trade from Portuguese pioneers by using ___ ships, which were designed for maximum cargo space, minimal crew, and low cost.

Dutch, fluyts

Fluyts cost ___ compared to other ships of the time.

Half

By 1670, the Dutch merchantt fleet counted an impressive ___ tons of shipping, half of Europe’s total.

568,000

Dutch merchant vessel designed for maximum cargo space, small crews, and low production cost. Unlike other vessels at the time, they could not be converted into warships.

Fluyts

According to the celebrated Syrian Geographer ____, Mansa Musa recounted the voyages into the Atlantic undertaken y his predecessor, ____.

Al-Umari, Mansa Muhammad

Early American Indian voyages from the ___ coast of ____ colonized the ___.

Caribbean, South America, West Indies

By the year 1000, American Indians (in the Caribbean) known as the ____ or the ___ pushed north into the _____ and the ____, eventually also getting to the ___.

Arawak, Taino, Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Bahamas

The lesser Antilles are composed of ___, ___, and ___ (according to the textbook.

Barbados, Martinique, Guadeloupe

The Greater Antilles are composed of ___, ___, ___, and ___ according to the book

Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico

The ___ followed the same routes as the Arawak and eventually overrun most Arawak settlements in the ___ and were raiding parts of the ___.

Carib, Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles

Both the Arawak and Carib peoples made contact with ___.

North America

The transfer of ___ cultivation to ___ after its domestication in ___ is suggestive of an early chain of contacts among American peoples, including the use of small ___ along the __ coast.

Maize, South America, Mesoamerica, boats, Pacific

Mariners carried ___, ___, ___, and ___ from the coast of Ecuador north to Mesoamerica.

pottery, copper, gold and silver jewelry, and textiles

Rafts used for Pacific Coast trade in the Americas, which measured up to 36 feet in length, carrying up to twenty metric tons of cargo and 10+ crew members.

Balsa wood rafts

Travel north along the Pacific coast was facilitated by favorable ___ and ___ .

Winds, currents

The Balsa rafts made the return trip carrying cargos of sacred ____

Spondylus shells

One important result of contact between South Ameriica and Mesoamerica was the introduction of ___ to Mesoamerica after 500

Metallurgy

Iberan rulers had strong economic religious and political motives to expand their influence + improvements in Maritime and military tech gave them the means to conquer new ocean environments, seize control of trade routes, and conquer new lands. true or false

True

How many trends in Latin Europe since 1000 were built upon by the Spanish and Portuguese Voyages?

Four

The four trends (in Latin Europe, built upon by the Iberians) wwere: (1) the revival of urban life and trade, (2) the unique alliance between merchants and rulers in Europe, (3) a struggle with Islamic powers for dominance of the Mediterranean that mixed religious motives with the desire for trade, and (4) the growing intellectual curiosity about the outside world. True or False

True

By 1450, the city states of ___ had well established trade links to Northern Europe, the Indian Ocean, and the black sea.

Italy

The merchant princes of Italy also sponsored and intellectual and artistic ___.

Renaissance

The two most profitable Italian Trading States, ___ and __, maintained profitable commercial ties in the Mediterranean that depended on alliances with ___ and gave their merchants access to the trade with the East.

Venice, Genoa, Muslims

The Ottoman Empire interrupted Venetian and Genoese trade to the East, leading them to go explore and conquer the Atlantic. True or False

False

The conquering of most of Iberia by ___ from North Africa in the ___ century led Iberia in a different direction and centuries of warfare between Christians and Muslims on the Peninsula.

Muslims, eighth