GENSCI ⋆ 2nd. Q FINALS

Brand/Trade Name

Identifies the product and distinguishes it from other products.

Trademark

Identifies the brand or owner of the product.

Business Name

Identifies the registered business responsible for the product.

Manufacturer/Importer/Repacker and Address

Tells consumers who made, imported, or repacked the product and where the responsible party can be contacted.

General Make or Active Ingredients

Provides information about what the product is made of or identifies its active ingredients.

Net Quantity

Shows the actual amount of product inside the package, such as 250 mL or 100 g.

Country of Manufacture

Indicates the country where the product was manufactured, especially for imported products.

License or Repacking Information

Indicates when a product is manufactured, refilled, or repacked under another company’s license.

Purpose of DTI Labeling Requirements

DTI labeling requirements give consumers important product information, protect them from misleading information, help them compare products, and identify the party responsible for a product.

Product Information on Labels

Labels tell consumers the product name, manufacturer, quantity, ingredients, active substances, and other relevant information.

Example of Product Information

When buying shampoo, a consumer can check its name, manufacturer, quantity, ingredients, and active substances.

How DTI Labels Prevent Misleading Information

Mandatory labels help ensure that consumers are not given inadequate, deceptive, or misleading information about a product.

Right to Information

The consumer’s protection against deceptive or misleading advertising and labeling.

Example of Misleading Product Claims

A lotion may claim to provide “smooth skin,” but consumers should still examine the actual product information on its label.

How DTI Labels Help Consumers Compare Products

Clear and measurable information, especially net quantity, allows consumers to compare products fairly.

Importance of Net Quantity

Net quantity shows how much product consumers are actually receiving, such as 100 mL, 250 mL, or 500 mL.

Product Comparison Example

Lotion A costs P100 for 100 mL, while Lotion B costs P120 for 250 mL. Although Lotion A costs less, Lotion B provides more product for only a slightly higher price.

Reason for Checking Net Quantity

Checking net quantity helps consumers look beyond price or appearance and decide which product gives better value for money.

How Labels Identify Responsibility

The manufacturer’s, importer’s, repacker’s, or business information identifies the party responsible for the product.

Importance of Responsible-Party Information

If a consumer has a problem with a product, the label can help identify the responsible business.

Application of Chemical Substances

Chemical substances are used in household and personal care products to provide effects, maintain product quality, and prevent spoilage.

Active Ingredients

Substances that provide the product’s primary effect.

Fillers

Substances that maintain the product’s consistent bulk and texture.

Preservatives

Substances that safely prevent harmful microbial growth.

Surfactants

Chemical substances that help remove grease and dirt by connecting water with oil.

Two Parts of a Surfactant Molecule

A surfactant molecule has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

Hydrophilic Head

The water-attracted part of a surfactant molecule. It is an ionic polar group that interacts favorably with surrounding water molecules through strong dipoles.

Hydrophobic Tail

The water-repelling part of a surfactant molecule. It is a nonpolar, long hydrocarbon chain that dissolves readily in grease and oil residues.

Meaning of Hydrophilic

Water-loving or attracted to water.

Meaning of Hydrophobic

Water-fearing or repelled by water.

Micelle

A spherical structure formed when surfactant molecules arrange themselves in water, with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails pointing inward.

Micelle Formation

When surfactants are mixed with water, their molecules arrange themselves into structures called micelles.

Position of Hydrophilic Heads in a Micelle

The hydrophilic heads face outward toward the surrounding water.

Position of Hydrophobic Tails in a Micelle

The hydrophobic tails point inward toward oil, grease, or dirt.

First Step of Surfactant Cleaning: Micelles Form

Surfactant molecules mix with water and form micelles. Their hydrophilic heads face the water while their hydrophobic tails point inward.

Second Step of Surfactant Cleaning: Dirt Is Loosened

The hydrophobic tails attach to grease and oily dirt while the hydrophilic heads remain attracted to water. This loosens grease from the surface.

Third Step of Surfactant Cleaning: Dirt Is Carried Away

The surfactant molecules surround and trap grease inside micelles. The hydrophilic heads face outward, allowing the micelles to remain dispersed in water and be rinsed away.

How Surfactants Remove Grease

Hydrophobic tails interact with and dissolve into grease, while hydrophilic heads interact with water. This allows grease to be lifted from a surface and washed away.

Why Plain Water Cannot Easily Remove Oil

Oil and water do not mix easily, so plain water cannot effectively remove oily substances.

How Surfactants Help Water Spread

Surfactants reduce the surface tension of water, allowing water to spread more easily across surfaces.

How Surfactants Suspend Dirt

Surfactants keep oily dirt dispersed in water so it can be rinsed away instead of settling back onto the surface.

Micelle Aggregation

The process in which surfactants enclose oil droplets in spherical micelle structures and emulsify grease so it can rinse away easily.

Emulsification

The process of dispersing grease or oil into water through micelle formation.

Surfactants as a Bridge

Surfactants act as a bridge between water and grease because one part attaches to grease while the other interacts with water.

Cleaning Mechanism of Surfactants

Surfactants lower water’s surface tension, allow oil to mix with water, trap dirt in micelles, and help dirt rinse away from a surface.

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

A surfactant that acts effectively in cleaning products and is commonly used in soaps and shampoos.

Importance of Surfactants in Soaps and Shampoos

They help remove oil, grease, and dirt while allowing these substances to be rinsed away with water.

Product Safety and Regulation

Proper use and disposal of household and personal care products protect human health and the environment.

Importance of Proper Product Use

Using products correctly helps prevent health hazards, chemical exposure, and dangerous reactions.

Importance of Proper Product Disposal

Proper disposal prevents contamination of water sources, harm to aquatic life, and disruption of ecosystems.

Risks of Improper Use

Improper use can cause skin irritation, allergic reactions, respiratory problems, accidental ingestion, harmful chemical exposure, and dangerous chemical reactions.

Skin Irritation and Allergic Reactions

Health problems that may result from improper contact with household or personal care chemicals.

Respiratory Problems

Harmful fumes from improperly used products can cause breathing-related health problems.

Accidental Ingestion

Swallowing household chemicals accidentally, especially by children, can cause serious health hazards.

Harsh Chemical Exposure

Contact with strong chemicals can cause health problems when products are not used properly.

Dangerous Chemical Reactions

Some products can react dangerously when they are mixed together.

Risks of Improper Disposal

Improper disposal can cause water contamination, harm to aquatic life, ecosystem disruption, decreased water quality, and health risks to communities.

Water Contamination

The pollution of water sources by harmful chemicals or waste from improperly disposed products.

Harm to Aquatic Life

Chemicals released into water can injure or kill organisms living in aquatic environments.

Ecosystem Disruption

The disturbance of natural relationships and processes in an ecosystem caused by harmful substances.

Decreased Water Quality

The reduction of water safety and cleanliness caused by contamination.

Health Risks to Communities

People living near contaminated areas may experience health problems from polluted water or chemical exposure.

Benefit of Cleaning Products: Hygiene

Cleaning products help eliminate harmful bacteria, viruses, and dirt.

Benefit of Cleaning Products: Disease Prevention

Proper use of cleaning agents reduces the risk of disease transmission in homes and communities.

Benefit of Personal Care Products

Soap, shampoo, toothpaste, and cosmetics help keep the body clean, fresh, and protected.

Benefit of Household and Personal Care Products: Comfort

These products make daily hygiene and cleaning more convenient and improve quality of life.

Benefit of Cosmetics and Skincare Products

They can improve a person’s self-esteem and confidence and help the person feel more comfortable in social settings.

Chemical Equation

A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction that shows the reactants and products.

Reactants

The substances present at the beginning of a chemical reaction.

Products

The new substances formed by a chemical reaction.

Synthesis Reaction

A chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances combine to form one more complex product.

General Pattern of Synthesis Reaction

A + B → AB

Synthesis Reaction Example

2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl

What Happens in Synthesis?

Two or more reactants combine to produce one main product.

Decomposition Reaction

A chemical reaction in which one compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.

General Pattern of Decomposition Reaction

AB → A + B

Decomposition Reaction Example

2KClO₃ → 2KCl + 3O₂

What Happens in Decomposition?

One reactant breaks down and produces at least two simpler products.

Energy Requirement of Decomposition

Decomposition requires energy in the form of heat, light, or electricity.

Reactants in Decomposition

There is only one substance on the reactant side.

Products in Decomposition

The reaction produces at least two products that are simpler than the original reactant.

Acid-Carbonate Reaction

A reaction in which an acid reacts with a metal carbonate to produce salt, water, and carbon dioxide.

General Pattern of Acid-Carbonate Reaction

Acid + Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

Symbolic Pattern of Acid-Carbonate Reaction

HA + MCO₃ → MA + H₂O + CO₂

Meaning of H in the Acid-Carbonate Formula

H represents hydrogen from the acid.

Meaning of A in the Acid-Carbonate Formula

A represents the acid molecule or anion.

Meaning of M in the Acid-Carbonate Formula

M represents the metal or cation from the carbonate.

Meaning of MA in the Acid-Carbonate Formula

MA represents the salt formed by combining the metal from the carbonate with the anion from the acid.

How to Identify a Common Acid

Many common acid formulas usually begin with hydrogen, represented by H.

Products of an Acid-Carbonate Reaction

The products are salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas.

Effervescence in an Acid-Carbonate Reaction

The rapid fizzing or bubbling caused by the formation of carbon dioxide gas.

Neutralization in an Acid-Carbonate Reaction

The acid and carbonate react to form new substances, including salt.

Temperature Change in an Acid-Carbonate Reaction

The temperature of the mixture may change depending on the acid, carbonate, concentrations, and conditions.

Single Displacement Reaction

A chemical reaction in which one element replaces another element in a compound.

General Pattern of Single Displacement Reaction

A + BC → AC + B

Single Displacement Reaction Example

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂

What Happens in Single Displacement?

One free element takes the place of another element in a compound.

Double Displacement Reaction

A chemical reaction in which two compounds exchange their ions to form two new compounds.

General Pattern of Double Displacement Reaction

AB + CD → AD + CB

Double Displacement Reaction Example

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O