vocabulary words that I need to study and be able to comprehend, as well as any words that are related.

What is homeostasis?

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

What are the components of a feedback loop?

Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, response.

What is the difference between negative feedback and positive feedback?

Negative feedback opposes changes in the body, while positive feedback amplifies changes.

What is a catabolic reaction?

A process that breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.

What is an anabolic reaction?

A process that builds larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy.

What defines endergonic reactions?

Reactions that absorb energy from their surroundings.

What defines exergonic reactions?

Reactions that release energy.

What is dehydration synthesis?

A chemical reaction that involves the formation of a bond between molecules with the removal of water.

What is hydrolysis?

A chemical reaction that adds water to break bonds in molecules.

What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

What is tonicity?

The ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering their internal water volume.

What does isotonic mean?

A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as another solution, thereby not causing movement of water.

What is a hypertonic solution?

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution, causing cells to shrink.

What is a hypotonic solution?

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution, causing cells to swell.

What is metabolism?

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body to maintain life.

What is ATP?

Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy carrier in cells.

What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions?

Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.

What does selectively permeable mean?

A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through while blocking others.

What are the functions of blood?

Exchanging gases, distributing solutes, immune functions, maintaining temperature, clotting, acid-base homeostasis, stabilizing blood pressure.

What is hemostasis?

The process that prevents and stops bleeding, involving vascular phase, platelet phase, and coagulation phase.

What is the primary role of red blood cells (RBCs)?

To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and return carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

What is the pH scale?

A scale that measures how acidic or basic a solution is, ranging from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), with 7 as neutral.

What is phagocytosis?

A type of endocytosis where cells engulf large particles or bacteria.

What is pinocytosis?

A type of endocytosis where cells take in small amounts of liquid from the environment.

What is the role of buffers in the body?

To maintain pH levels in the body by neutralizing acids and bases.

Define the role of the Na+/K+ pump.

It actively transports sodium out of and potassium into cells to maintain cellular homeostasis.

What does exocytosis involve?

The process by which a cell expels materials in vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane.

What does hemolysis refer to?

The rupture of red blood cells, often due to an incompatibility in blood transfusions.

What is the universal donor blood type?

Type O, which can be donated to any blood type without causing a reaction.

What is the universal recipient blood type?

Type AB, which can receive blood from any other type without causing a reaction.

What is the main function of plasma proteins?

To maintain osmotic pressure and contribute to blood clotting and immune response.