Crim 1

Criminology (Sutherland & Cressey Definition)

The entire body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon, including within its scope the process of making laws, breaking laws, and society's reaction towards the breaking of laws.

Criminology (RA 11131 Definition)

The scientific study of crimes, criminals, and victims, which also deals with the prevention and solution of crimes.

Criminology (Board Definition)

An academic discipline that uses scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.

Sociology of Law

A principal division of criminology that refers to the examination of the nature of criminal law and its administration.

Criminal Etiology

The scientific study of the causes of crimes and criminal behavior.

Penology

The study of the control of delinquencies and crime, as well as the rehabilitation and punishment of lawbreakers.

Crime Typology

Criminological research focusing on the links between different types of crimes and criminals.

Social Science (Nature of Criminology)

A characteristic of criminology denoting that it studies crime as a social phenomenon and societal creation with a significant impact on society.

Applied Science (Nature of Criminology)

A characteristic of criminology wherein established principles and concepts are utilized by other fields, applying anthropology, psychology, sociology, and natural sciences to study crime causes.

Nationalistic (Nature of Criminology)

A characteristic of criminology reflecting that the study takes into consideration the past, culture, social norms, and laws of a specific country.

Dynamic (Nature of Criminology)

A characteristic of criminology indicating that its ideas and applications adapt to changing times and social conditions in concordance with advances in other sciences.

Deviant Behavior

Actions that depart from social norms, values, beliefs, and customs.

Criminal Demography

The study of the connection between criminality and population, positing that crime may increase as population increases.

Criminal Epidemiology

The study of the correlation between the environment or milieu and criminality, hypothesizing that a more disorganized environment yields more crime.

Criminal Ecology

The study of law-breaking in relation to spatial distribution in a community, linking crime to societal congestion and reduced physical space.

Criminal Physical Anthropology

The study of criminality in relation to the physical structure of men, focusing on somatology, physiognomy, and phrenology to view crime as a product of biological defects.

Criminal Psychiatry

The study of the human mind in relation to delinquency and criminality.

Criminal Psychology

The study of human behavior in relation to criminality.

Victimology

A branch of criminology dealing with the underlying factors of victimization, the study of 'crime targets', and the contributory role of victims in crime commission.

Pervasiveness of Crime

The concept that anyone can become a victim of a crime or a perpetrator of a crime.

Hans Von Hentig's General Classes of Victims

A classification categorizing victims into the young, female, old, mentally defective, immigrants, and minorities based on vulnerability.

The Acquisitive or Greedy Victim

A psychological victim type whose desire for more than what is sufficient lowers their natural suspicion, making them easily duped for easy gain.

The Wanton or Overly Sensual Victim

A psychological victim type ruled by passion and thoughtlessly seeking pleasure, making them particularly vulnerable to stress.

The Tormented Victim

A psychological victim type who actively provoked or asked for victimization, often from their own family or friends.

Demonological Theory

An early school of thought (also known as Pre-Classical or Supernatural Theory) asserting that criminal behavior is caused by possession by evil spirits or demonic natural forces.

Classical School of Criminology

A school of thought founded by Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham maintaining that individuals possess absolute free will and choose crime after rationally weighing pleasure against pain.

Cesare Beccaria

The Father of Classical Criminology, author of 'On Crimes and Punishments', who advocated for the abolition of torture and popularized the maxim 'Let the punishment fit the crime.'

General Deterrence

The prevention of crime achieved by instilling fear of punishment in potential future offenders within society.

Specific Deterrence

The prevention of crime achieved by inflicting fear of punishment directly upon the individual doer of the crime.

Three Elements of an Effective Deterrent

Celerity (swiftness/rapidity), severity (unpleasantness of the sanction), and certainty (likelihood of detection and punishment).

Hedonism

A pleasure principle proposed by Jeremy Bentham stating that individuals act to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.

Utilitarianism

A philosophical doctrine arguing that an action is right if it promotes the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Felicific Calculus

Jeremy Bentham's pseudo-mathematical formula used to calculate expected pleasure versus pain to decide whether a crime is worth committing.

Neo-Classical School of Criminology

A modification of classical theory recognizing that free will can be hindered by factors like pathology, incompetence, or insanity, establishing exempting and mitigating circumstances.

Positivism (Italian School of Criminology)

A school of thought led by Lombroso, Garofalo, and Ferri that rejects free will, applies scientific observation, focuses on the criminal rather than the crime, and advocates rehabilitation.

Determinism

The principle that human actions and criminal behavior are caused by antecedent biological, psychological, or environmental factors rather than absolute free will.

Cesare Lombroso

The Father of Modern and Empirical Criminology who asserted that criminals are biologically inferior and identifiable by physical atavistic stigmata.

Atavistic Stigmata

Physical abnormalities resembling earlier stages of human evolution (such as large ears, dark skin, or extra digits) believed by Lombroso to indicate inherited criminality.

Born Criminal

Lombroso's criminal classification for an individual who inherits criminal behavior and displays at least five atavistic stigmata.

Criminaloid

Lombroso's classification for offenders who commit crimes due to reduced physical stamina or self-control, comprising habitual offenders and criminals by passion.

Raffaele Garofalo

A member of the Positivist 'Holy Three' who focused on psychological determinism and traced criminality to moral anomalies rather than physical traits.

Enrico Ferri

A member of the Positivist 'Holy Three' who emphasized the manifold causes of crime, incorporating social, economic, and political factors alongside biology.

Consensus Model

A criminological model asserting that laws are created based on the shared values, morals, and agreements of society.

Conflict Model

A criminological model stating that the criminal justice system is shaped by power dynamics, social inequalities, and competition among groups.

Interactionist Model

A model explaining crime as a product of social interactions, interpersonal labeling, and learned behavior.

Mala In Se

Acts that are considered inherently evil and immoral in themselves, such as murder and robbery.

Mala Prohibita

Acts that are wrongful only because specific laws prohibit them, such as traffic violations and illegal possession of firearms.

Acquisitive Crime

A crime categorized by its result wherein the perpetrator acquires or gains something material through the offense.

Destructive Crime

A crime categorized by its result where the act leads to destruction, property damage, or death.

White Collar Crime

Crimes committed by individuals belonging to the upper socioeconomic status, usually during legitimate occupational activities.

Blue Collar Crime

Crimes committed by ordinary individuals as a direct means of livelihood.

Acute Criminal

An offender who commits crime in response to a sudden external situation or an uncontrolled burst of anger or emotion.

Chronic Criminal

An offender who commits crimes deliberately with prior premeditation and calculated intent.

Mass Murder

The killing of a large number of people in a single violent outburst without a distinctive time interval between the killings.

Spree Killing

Continuous killings taking place at two or more locations over a short duration with virtually no time break between offenses.

Serial Killing

The killing of two or more victims across separate events by an offender who experiences an emotional cooling-off period between murders.

First-Degree Murder

An unlawful killing characterized by premeditation, careful planning, and prior calculation.

Second-Degree Murder

An intentional killing or act causing serious bodily harm committed in the heat of the moment without prior planning or calculation.

Felony Murder

A death that occurs during the commission of an inherently dangerous felony (such as robbery), regardless of intent to kill.

Voluntary Manslaughter

An intentional killing committed under extreme provocation or during a sudden fit of passion.

Involuntary Manslaughter

An unintentional death caused by criminal carelessness, gross negligence, or recklessness.

Opportunist Robbers (Conklin)

The most common robbery typology, consisting of all-purpose property offenders who carry out infrequent, unplanned robberies based on situational opportunity.

Professional Robbers (Conklin)

Robbers with a long-term commitment who treat robbery as a primary livelihood, executing highly rational, carefully planned operations while minimizing risk.

Muggers

Robbers who employ direct physical force or verbal intimidation without firearms in an unorganized manner.

Republic Act No. 6506

The original law creating the Board of Examiners for Criminologists in the Philippines.

Republic Act No. 11131

The Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018, which repealed RA 6506 and updated regulations governing the licensure, practice, and standards of the profession.

Composition of the PRB for Criminologists

A collegial body composed of one (1) Chairperson and four (4) Members appointed by the President of the Philippines.

PRB Board Member Qualification Requirements

Must be a registered criminologist with at least ten (10) years of professional practice prior to appointment, including a minimum of two (2) years of teaching criminology or law subjects.

Licensure Examination Passing Criteria (RA 11131)

A general weighted average of at least 75% with no grade falling below 60% in any individual examination subject.

Deferred Examinee Rules (RA 11131)

An examinee receiving below 60% in one subject may retake that subject once within two years, requiring an 80% passing grade; failure to do so requires retaking all subjects.

Registered Criminologist

A natural person holding a valid Certificate of Registration (COR) and Professional Identification Card (PIC) issued by the PRB and PRC.

Continuing Professional Development (CPD)

Post-licensure training and education aimed at preserving professional competence, updating skills, and ensuring adherence to ethical standards.

Foreign Reciprocity (RA 11131)

The provision permitting foreign nationals to take the Philippine board examination and register only if their home country grants equal professional privileges to Filipino criminologists.