WEEK 5 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Anatomy of reproductive system

1. Gonads

a. Testicles

b. Ovaries

2. Uterus

3. Vagina and vulva

4. Penis

Purpose of reproductive system

Reproduction and procreation

Pathologic symptoms of reproductive system

1. Fertility problems

2. Birthing problems

3. Mating difficulty

4. Lactation difficulty

Diagnostic tests for reproductive system

1. Physical exam

2. Blood profile

3. Urinalysis

4. Radiographs

5. Ultrasound

6. Biopsy

7. Semen evaluation

8. Vaginal cytology

Pyometra etiology

1. Estrogen causes cervix dilation during estrus

a. Therefore allowing bacteria to ascend into uterus

2. Only in intact females

What is a pyometra?

1. Uterine body filled with pus

a. Closed

b. Open - pus vaginal discharge

Pyometra clinical signs

1. Fever and lethargy

2. Anorexia

3. Vomiting and diarrhea

4. Shock (septic shock)

When do we begin to see Pyometra clinical signs?

Usually *4-10 weeks* AFTER estrus

Where is uterus located?

Between bladder and colon

Pyometra diagnostic tests

1. Will see purulent vaginal discharge

2. Radiographs

3. Ultrasound

4. Blood panel

What do you see on radiographs and ultrasound when diagnosing Pyometra?

Visible uterus

What do you see on blood panel when diagnosing Pyometra?

Leukocytosis with a left shift

What is the definitive test to diagnose Pyometra?

Ultrasound

Pyometra tx

1. Surgery

2. Antibiotics

3. Fluids

4. Medical management

Surgery to tx Pyometra

Ovariohysterectomy

Medical management to tx Pyometra

1. Prostaglandins (PGF 2 alpha)

a. Works better if open pyometra

b. Usually only used for breeding animals

c. Causes uterine contractions

2. Antibiotics

Dog gestation

1. 58-69 days

a. Avg: 63

Cat gestation

1. 56-71 days

a. Avg: 63

Signs of labor

1. Decline in plasma progesterone 24 hours before labor

2. Body temperature drops

What are the medical signs of labor that we can determine?

1. Decline in plasma progesterone 24 hours before labor

2. Body temperature drops

Dystocia etiology

1. Prolonged gestation > 70 days

2. ***Uterine interia!!!

3. Anatomical abnormalities

4. Metabolic abnormalities

5. Fetal factors

Anatomical abnormalities - Dystocia etiology

1. Pelvic stenosis

2. Malalignment

Metabolic abnormalities - Dystocia etiology

1. Hypoglycemia

2. Hypocalcemia

Fetal factors - Dystocia etiology

1. Oversized

2. *Malpresentation*

What is the normal presentation of an animal during birth?

1. Anterior (cranial) dorsal

or

2. Posterior (caudal) dorsal

Dystocia clinical signs

1. Prolonged gestation >70 days

2. *>24 hours in labor with no fetus*

3. >1 hour of ACTIVE LABOR with no fetus delivered

4. >4 hours between fetuses

Dystocia diagnostic tests

1. Physical exam and history

2. Radiographs

3. Blood profile

4. Ultrasound

What do you see on radiographs when diagnosing Dystocia?

Number of fetuses

What to look for on blood panel when diagnosing Dystocia?

Calcium and glucose levels

What do you see on ultrasound when diagnosing Dystocia?

Fetal viability

Dystocia tx

1. Surgery

2. Medical management

Surgery to tx Dystocia

Cesarean section

Medical management to tx Dystocia

1. Oxytocin

2. DIGITAL FEATHERING!!!

3. 10% Calcium gluconate

4. 5% Dextrose in water fluids

5. Repeat treatment up to 3 times

a. If has not delivered all of the babies within 1-4 hours then perform a cesarean section

Oxytocin to tx Dystocia

1. Observe 10-30 minutes before next injection

2. IM

Digital feathering to tx Dystocia

1. *Stimulates reflex contractions*

2. By rubbing the cervix

10% Calcium gluconate to tx Dystocia

1. Watch for bradycardia

2. IV infusion SLOW

3. Too much calcium can stop the heart

Neonatal resuscitation

1. Establish airway

2. Remove placenta membrane if present

3. Swing neonate upside down to expel fluids from airway (NOT RECOMMENDED)

4. Suction mouth

5. Stimulate respiration and heart beat with thoracic massage and heat

6. Oxygen support

7. Drug therapy

Drug therapy for neonatal resuscitation

1. Doxapram

2. Epinephrine

3. Naloxone

Doxapram for neonatal resuscitation

1-2 drops in mouth to *stimulate breathing*

Epinephrine for neonatal resuscitation

1-2 drops in mouth to *stimulate heart beat*

Naloxone for neonatal resuscitation

1-2 drops in mouth *if barbiturate used* for cesarean section

Eclampsia etiology

1. *Post parturient hypocalcaemia*

a. Lactating

2. *Large litters and poor physical condition*

3. Hypocalemia caused by calcium being mobilized to mammary glands into milk

When does Eclampsia develop?

Usually develops *1-4 weeks postpartum*

Importance of Eclampsia

*Life threatening* tetany and convulsions

Eclampsia symptoms

1. Seizures

2. Tetany

3. Febrile

4. Panting

5. Muscle tremors

6. Hyperthermia

Eclampsia diagnostics

Blood sample

Blood results when diagnosing Eclampsia

1. Low serum calcium

a. *

Eclampsia tx

1. IV fluids

2. Calcium gluconate - SLOWLY

3. Diazepam or Midazolam

4. Calcium lactate or carbonate (Tums)

Drug of choice to tx Eclampsia?

Calcium gluconate

Eclampsia prevention

1. Feed high protein diet and calcium supplementation to small breed dogs

2. Prevent puppies from nursing on mother and bottle feed pups