Topic: The Cardiovascular System Main Functions * Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products * Helps regulate body temperature * Maintains homeostasis * Protects against infection through white blood cells ⸻ Heart Anatomy Chambers of the Heart 1. Right Atrium * Receives deoxygenated blood from the body 2. Right Ventricle * Pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery 3. Left Atrium * Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs 4

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products; regulates body temperature; maintains homeostasis; protects against infection through white blood cells.

What is the function of the Right Atrium?

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

What does the Right Ventricle do?

Pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.

What is the role of the Left Atrium?

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

What is unique about the Left Ventricle?

It is the thickest chamber and pumps blood to the body through the aorta.

Describe the pathway of blood flow through the heart.

Body → Superior/Inferior Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Mitral Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body.

What is Cardiac Muscle?

Involuntary muscle found only in the heart.

Define Stroke Volume.

Amount of blood pumped per beat.

What is Cardiac Output?

Amount of blood pumped per minute.

What occurs during Systole?

It is the contraction phase of the heart.

What happens during Diastole?

It is the relaxation phase of the heart.

What is considered normal adult blood pressure?

120/80 mmHg.

Define Systolic pressure.

Pressure during ventricular contraction.

Define Diastolic pressure.

Pressure during relaxation.

What factors affect blood pressure?

Stress, exercise, diet (especially sodium), hydration levels.

What are Arteries?

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, with thick muscular walls and usually oxygenated.

What are Veins?

Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart, containing valves to prevent backflow and usually deoxygenated.

What are Capillaries?

The site of gas and nutrient exchange with one-cell-thick walls.

What does the P wave on an ECG represent?

Atrial depolarization.

What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?

Ventricular depolarization.

What does the T wave on an ECG represent?

Ventricular repolarization.

Define Tachycardia.

Heart rate above 100 beats per minute.

Define Bradycardia.

Heart rate below 60 beats per minute.

What does the mnemonic 'LAB RAT' refer to?

Left Atrium → Bicuspid → Left Ventricle; Right Atrium → Tricuspid.

What does 'Arteries Away' mean?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

What is Atherosclerosis?

Plaque buildup in arteries.

What is a Myocardial infarction?

A heart attack.

How can Hypertension affect blood vessels?

It can damage vessels over time.