Nursing Assistant Foundations - Key Terms Review : Ch. 25,21,20 13

Vocabulary flashcards covering chapters 25, 21, 20, and 13 from Nursing Assistant Foundation 6e.

rehabilitation

Care that is managed by professionals to restore a person to the highest possible level of functioning after an illness or injury.

physiatrists

Doctors who specialize in rehabilitation.

restorative care

Care given after rehabilitation to maintain a person’s function and increase independence.

assistive devices

Special equipment that helps a person who is ill or disabled perform activities of daily living.

foot drop

Weakness of muscles in the feet and ankles that interferes with the ability to flex the ankles and walk normally.

orthotic devices

Devices applied externally to limbs to support, protect, improve function, and prevent complications.

range of motion (ROM)

Exercises that put a joint through its full arc of motion.

active range of motion (AROM)

Exercises to put a joint through its full arc of motion that are done by a resident himself, without help.

active assisted range of motion (AAROM)

Exercises to put a joint through its full arc of motion that are done by a resident with some assistance from a staff member.

passive range of motion (PROM)

Exercises to put a joint through its full arc of motion that are done by a staff member, without the resident’s help.

abduction

Moving a body part away from the midline of the body.

adduction

Moving a body part toward the midline of the body.

extension

Straightening a body part.

flexion

Bending a body part.

dorsiflexion

Bending backward.

rotation

Turning the joint.

pronation

Turning downward.

supination

Turning upward.

opposition

Touching the thumb to any other finger.

hyperextension

Extending a joint beyond its normal range of motion.

muscles

Groups of tissues that contract and relax, allowing motion, supporting the body, protecting organs, and creating heat.

bones

Rigid connective tissues that make up the skeleton, lend support to body structures, allow the body to move, and protect the organs.

joints

The points where two bones meet; provide movement and flexibility.

cartilage

The protective substance that covers the ends of bones and makes up the discs that are found between vertebrae.

bursae

Tiny sacs of fluid that are located near joints and help reduce friction.

tendons

Tough fibrous bands that connect muscle to bone.

ligaments

Strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones or cartilage and support the joints and joint movement.

muscular dystrophy

An inherited, progressive disease that causes a gradual wasting away of muscle, resulting in weakness, and deformity.

atrophy

Weakening or wasting away of muscles.

osteoporosis

A condition in which the bones become brittle and weak, causing them to break easily.

osteopenia

A condition in which the bones have reduced density, but not enough to be classified as osteoporosis.

arthritis

A general term that refers to inflammation of the joints.

osteoarthritis

A type of arthritis that usually affects weight-bearing joints, especially the hips and knees; also called degenerative joint disease.

rheumatoid arthritis

A type of arthritis in which joints become red, swollen, and very painful; movement is restricted and deformities of the hands are common.

bursitis

A condition in which the bursae become inflamed and painful.

amputation

The surgical removal of part or all of a body part.

prosthesis

An artificial device that replaces a body part, such as an eye, hip, arm, leg, tooth, or heart valve; helps improve function and/or appearance.

phantom sensation

Warmth, itching, or tingling from a body part that has been amputated.

phantom limb pain

Pain in a limb (or extremity) that has been amputated.

fracture

A broken bone.

sling

A bandage or piece of material that is suspended from the neck for the purpose of holding and supporting a forearm.

total hip replacement (THR)

A surgical replacement of the head of the femur (long bone of the leg) and the socket it fits into where it joins the hip with artificial materials.

partial weight-bearing (PWB)

A doctor’s order stating that a person is able to support some body weight on one or both legs.

non-weight-bearing (NWB)

A doctor’s order stating that a person is unable to touch the floor or support any weight on one or both legs.

full weight-bearing (FWB)

A doctor’s order stating that a person has the ability to support full body weight on both legs and has no weight-bearing limitations.

total knee replacement (TKR)

A surgical replacement of a damaged or painful knee with artificial materials.

trachea

An air passage that goes from the throat (pharynx) to the bronchi; also called the windpipe.

bronchi

Branches of the passages of the respiratory system that lead from the trachea into the lungs.

alveoli

Tiny, grape-like sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs.

lungs

Main organs of respiration responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

inspiration

The process of breathing/inhaling air into the lungs.

expiration

The process of exhaling air out of the lungs.

respiration

The process of inhaling air into the lungs (inspiration) and exhaling air out of the lungs (expiration).

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A chronic, progressive, and incurable lung disease that causes difficulty breathing.

bronchitis

An irritation and inflammation of the lining of the bronchi.

sputum

Mucus coughed up from the lungs.

emphysema

A chronic, incurable lung disease in which the alveoli in lungs become filled with trapped air; usually results from smoking and chronic bronchitis.

asthma

A chronic and episodic inflammatory disease that makes it difficult to breathe and causes coughing and wheezing.

bronchiectasis

A condition in which the bronchi become permanently dilated (widened) and damaged.

hemoptysis

The coughing up of blood from the respiratory tract.

chest percussion

Clapping the chest to help lungs drain with the force of gravity.

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

A common respiratory virus that usually causes mild, cold-like symptoms in adults and children.

pneumonia

Acute inflammation in the lung tissue caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection or chemical irritants.

lung cancer

A type of cancer that begins in the lungs.

tuberculosis (TB)

A contagious disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is transmitted through the air; usually affects the lungs, but other body parts can also be affected, such as the spine, brain, and kidney.

multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)

A form of tuberculosis caused by an organism that is resistant to medication that is used to treat TB.

oxygen therapy

The administration of oxygen to increase the supply of oxygen to the lungs.

vital signs

Measurements – body temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure– that monitor the functioning of the vital organs of the body.

hypothermia

Severe subnormal body temperature; body temperature drops below the level required for normal functioning.

thermometer

A device used for measuring the degree of heat or cold.

Fahrenheit

A temperature scale in which the boiling point of water is 212 degrees and the freezing point of water is 32 degrees.

Celsius

The centigrade temperature scale in which the boiling point of water is 100 degrees and the freezing point of water is 0 degrees.

BPM

The medical abbreviation for beats per minute.

tachycardia

Rapid heart rate, over 100 beats per minute.

bradycardia

Slow heart rate, under 60 beats per minute.

dilate

To widen.

apnea

The absence of breathing.

dyspnea

Difficulty breathing.

eupnea

Normal respirations.

orthopnea

Shortness of breath when lying down that is relieved by sitting up.

tachypnea

Rapid respirations, over 20 breaths per minute.

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Alternating periods of slow, irregular respirations and rapid, shallow respirations, possibly along with periods of apnea.

Kussmaul breathing

Very deep, rapid breathing that is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis and kidney failure; also known as air hunger.

radial pulse

The pulse located on the inside of the wrist, where the radial artery runs just beneath the skin.

palpate

To touch body parts to feel structures beneath the skin.

stethoscope

An instrument used to hear sounds in the human body, such as the heartbeat or pulse, breathing sounds, or bowel sounds.

auscultation

The act of listening to sounds within the body using a stethoscope.

apical pulse

The pulse on the left side of the chest, just below the nipple.

systolic

First measurement of blood pressure; phase when the heart is at work, contracting and pushing blood out of the left ventricle.

diastolic

The second measurement of blood pressure; phase when the heart relaxes or rests.

hypertension

High blood pressure, regularly measuring 130/80 mm Hg or higher.

hypotension

Low blood pressure, below 90/60 mm Hg.

orthostatic hypotension

A sudden drop in blood pressure that occurs when a person stands or sits up; also called postural hypotension.

sphygmomanometer

A device that measures blood pressure.

brachial pulse

The pulse located inside the elbow; about 1 to 1½ inches above the elbow.