Inorganic and Organic Chemistry Vocabulary Review

Vocabulary-style study flashcards for essential concepts, equations, and reagents in inorganic and organic chemistry.

Electronic Configuration of $Cu^{2+}$

The valence shell electronic configuration of the copper(II) ion, represented as $3d^9 4s^0$.

$\pi$-bond

A covalent bond formed by the lateral (side-by-side) overlap of two atomic p-orbitals.

Ground Electronic State of $Mn^{2+}$

The complete ground-state electron configuration of manganese(II) ion, which is $1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 3d^5$.

Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Alcohols

The dipole-dipole attraction between alcohol molecules that causes an increase in boiling point and a decrease in vapor pressure.

Halogen Ion Reductive Order

The arrangement of halogen anions in order of decreasing reductive capability: $I^-$, $Br^-$, $Cl^-$, $F^-$.

Industrial Sulfuric Acid Production Stages

The primary process sequence for synthesizing $H_2SO_4$: manufacturing $SO_2$, catalytic oxidation to $SO_3$, and reacting $SO_3$ with water.

Hydroxonium Ion

The hydrated proton complex represented chemically as $H_3O^+$.

Cathode

The electrode in an electrochemical or electrolytic cell where reduction occurs.

Electrolysis

A process where nonspontaneous chemical oxidation-reduction reactions are driven by direct electrical current.

Principal Quantum Number ($n$)

An integer quantum number ($n = 1, 2, 3, \dots$) determining the principal energy level and size of an electron cloud.

Azimuthal Quantum Number ($l$)

A quantum number specifying orbital angular momentum and defining the geometric shape of an electronic orbital cloud.

Isotopes

Nuclides of the same chemical element sharing identical atomic numbers and positions in the periodic table, but possessing different atomic masses.

Basic Salts

Salts formed through the incomplete neutralization of multivalent bases with acids.

Acidic Salts

Salts formed through the incomplete neutralization of polybasic acids with bases.

Dinitrogen Pentoxide ($N_2O_5$)

The chemical compound that serves as the acid anhydride of nitric acid ($HNO_3$).

Tyndall Effect

The physical phenomenon of light scattering by particles suspended in a colloidal solution.

Foam

A colloidal dispersion system consisting of gas particles dispersed throughout a liquid medium.

Allyl Chloride

The common IUPAC name for 3-chloroprop-1-ene with the molecular structure $CH_2=CHCH_2Cl$.

Phenoxide Ion Resonance Stabilization

The delocalization of negative charge across an aromatic ring that makes phenols significantly more acidic than alcohols.

Polyvalent Alcohol Identification Reagent

Freshly precipitated copper(II) hydroxide ($Cu(OH)_2$), which forms a soluble dark blue complex in the presence of polyols.

Maltose

A disaccharide composed of two glucose units, produced as an intermediate during starch hydrolysis.

Marsh Gas

The common term for methane ($CH_4$), generated by anaerobic degradation of organic matter in wetlands.

Saponification

The alkaline hydrolysis of fats or oils with a base to produce glycerol and fatty acid salts (soaps).

Schweitzer's Reagent

An aqueous ammoniacal solution of copper hydroxide used specifically for dissolving cellulose.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation Catalyst

An anhydrous Lewis acid, such as aluminum trichloride ($AlCl_3$), used to catalyze acyl substitution on benzene rings.

General Formula of Alkanes

The algebraic chemical formula representing saturated acyclic hydrocarbons: $C_n H_{2n+2}$.

Starch Qualitative Identification Reagent

An alcoholic iodine solution that yields a characteristic deep blue-complex color in the presence of starch.