Structural Test 4

Spine and trunk

How many cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae are there?

Cervical- 7

Thoracic- 12

Lumbar- 5

Where does L5 sit?

on top of the sacrum

How many nerve roots do the cervical vertebrae have?

8- one comes out of the top

What vertebral bones have the most movement

cervical

which vertebrae support weight of the upper body

lumbar

how many sacral nerves do we have

5

How many sacral vertebrae do we have

5

how many coccyx vertebrae do we have

4

how many coccyx nerves do we have?

0

Where does the spinal cord travel through?

the vertebral foramen

where do the vertebral discs sit?

on the body of the vertebrae

Which vertebrae have the most angled down spinal processes

thoracic

Which vertebrae has the largest vertebral body?

lumbar

what are costal facets?

where the ribs meet; ***only on thoracic vertebrae

which vertebrae have the smallest bodies?

cervical

in cervical vertebrae, where does the vertebral artery pass through?

transverse foramina

where is the vertebra prominens?

C7

Which vertebrae have costal facets?

thoracic

In the Atlas (C1) where does the vertebral artery pass through?

transverse foramen

What part of the atlas (C1) does the base of the skull sit on top of?

superior facets

What does the atlas do?

holds up the skull

which vertebrae has the odontoid process?

axis (C2)

What does the axis (C2) do?

rotation; allows us to say “no”

What are the 3 different types of foramina in the vertebrae?

1. vertebral foramen

2. transverse foramen

3. intervertebral foramen (IVF)

The base of the neck is at what vertebrae?

C7

What vertebrae is the superior angle of the scapula in line with?

T2

What vertebrae is level with the inferior angle of the scapula?

T7

What vertebrae is in line with the 12th rib?

T12

What vertebrae is inline with the top of the iliac crest?

L4

What vertebrae is the 1st rib connected to?

T1

What is the function of normal spinal curves?

absorption of shock in the spine

What is an excess anterior curve in the thoracic spine called?

kyphosis

What are the 2 primary curves?

1. thoracic

2. sacral

What are the two secondary curves?

1. cervical

2. lumbar

What is an excess posterior curve in the lumbar spine called?

lordosis

What is scoliosis?

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Which are the true ribs (vertebrosternal) and how/where do they attach?

the first 7 pairs; they have direct anterior attachment to the sternum

which are the false ribs (vertebralchondral) and how/where do they connect?

pairs 8-10; anterior attachment to costal cartilage of rib 7

which are the floating ribs (vertebral) and how/where do they attach?

Ribs 11 and 12; no anterior attachment to the sternum, just posteriorly to the spine.

what is the sternum (breastbone) made up of?

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

what is the function of the sternum?

anterior attachment for ribs and clavicle (SC joint)

what is the manubrium made up of?

superior portion and jugular notch

what does the altantooccipital joint connect?

occipital bone and C1

What kind of joint is the atlantooccipital joint?

hinge (ginglymus) joint

What actions does the atlantooccipital joint do?

flexion and extension

What two bones does the atlantoaxial connect?

C1 and C2

What kind of joint is the atlantoaxial joint?

pivot (trochoid) joint

What action does the atlantoaxial joint do?

rotation

What is the most mobile vertebral joint?

atlantoaxial joint

ligaments associated with atlantoaxial joint

alar and transverse

what kind of joint is the facet (zygapophyseal) joint

plane (arthrodial) joint

Where is the facet (zygapophyseal) joint located?

between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

What type of joint is in between vertebral bodies?

symphysis joints

Where does the anterior longitudinal ligament attach?

anterior vertebral bodies and runs the base of the skull to the sacrum

what is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament

limits extension and reinforces the anterior annulus fibrosus

where is the posterior longitudinal ligament

attaches to posterior vertebral bodies inside the spinal canal and runs from C2 to the sacrum

function of posterior longitudinal ligament

limits flexion, reinforces posterior annulus fibrosus

Where is the ligamentum flavum

runs from C2 to the sacrum and connects to laminae

function of the ligamentum flavum

limits flexion

function of interspinous ligament

limits flexion by restricting separation of spinous processes

where is the supraspinous ligament

c7 to sacrum

function of the supraspinous ligament

limits flexion

where is the intertransverse ligament

in lumbar region

function of intertransverse ligament

connects transverse processes and limits lateral flexion

Structure, location, and function of ligamentum nuchae

• strong, triangular ligament

• extends from external occipital protuberance to spinous process of c7

• limits flexion

• elasticity helps head resume upright position after flexion

Primary function of anterior neck muscles

cervical flexion

What are the 4 anterior neck muscles?

1. anterior scalene

2. longus capitis

3. longus colli

4. sternocleidomastoid

AOIN anterior scalene

A- laterally flex the head and neck (to same side), rotate head and neck to opposite side, elevate ribs during inhalation, flex head and neck

O- transverse processes C3-C6

I- First rib

N- brachial plexus

AOIN Longus Capitis

A- Laterally flex the head and neck to same side, rotate head and neck, flex head and neck

O- transverse processes of C3 through C6

I- inferior surface of occiput

N- cervical plexus