Chapter 4

what is consciousness

one’s moment to moment subjective experience of the world

what are qualia

subjective experience of sensations
(apple color, apple taste)

what is change blindeness

failure to observe large changes in ones environment as a result of consciousness having a limit

_____ is the gateway to conscious awareness

attentino

what is endogenous attention

attention that is directed voluntarily

what is exogenous attention

when attention is not voluntary and is driven by a stimulus

what is priming

occurs when your response to a stimulus is based on previous experience

what is subliminal perception

when things are processed, but are too subtle to reach consciousness

do subliminal messages have effects on behavior?

no

what is automatic processing

when a task is so well known, you can do it without much practice

controlled processing is

used in unfamiliar situations and is slower than automatic processing

what are three ways of getting altered consciousness naturally

1. meditation

2. hypnosis

3. immersion in an action

what is meditation

altered state of consciousness where a person focuses on an external object, internal event, or sense of awarenesses

what are the two types of meditation? what does each mean?

concentrative mediation (focus on an object, idea, thought) and mindfulness meditation (let thoughts flow)

what is runner’s high

when in one moment you are experiencing pain, but in the next you have joy

what is religious ecstasty?

it is an altered consciousness that makes us joyful via religious ceremonies (caused by focusing on that vs external world)

what is flow?

a state of altered consciousness where an experience is so enjoyable that you do it for its own sake (even if there are no benefits)

what is hypnosis

social interaction where someone responds to suggestions and experiences changes in memeory, perception, and voluntary action

what is a post-hypnotic suggestion

a suggestion given during a hypnotized state, but is not meant to be done until after they emerge from the trance

what are the two theories of hypnosis

1. sociocognitive theory of hypnosis

2. neodissociation theory of hypnosis

what is the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis

it’s a theory that states hypnosis is not an altered states. rather, people are acting in a way that they believe they are expected to act

what is the neodissociation theory of hypnosis

it is a theory that states hypnosis is an alterated state of consciousness . There are two streams, the hypnosis stream that responds to the hypnosis person, and another stream that watches what is happening

what is hypnotic analgesia

hypnosis used for pain reduction

what are circadian rhythms

biological patterns that occur at regular time intervals as a function of time of the day

how is information of light directed?

sent to a region of the hypothalamus called the supraciasmatic nucleus. this region then sends signals to the pineal glands that secrete mealtonin (a hormone) that triggers sleep

describe the first 4 stages of sleep in depth (include waves)

Stage 1: beta waves, see geometric patterns/feel legs jerking, will deny being awake

Stage 2: really awake, sleep spindles, k-complexes help block out external signals

Stage 3/4: deep sleep, delta waves, large, slow-wave sleep

what is REM sleep

sleep stage marked by rapid eye movements, and paralysis of motors + dreaming

what is paradoxical sleep

REM stage bc we are sleeping but still have an active brain

REM sleep occurs after

90 minutes

the sleep cycle repeats about(#) times

5

REM vs non-REM dreams

intense emotional vs mundane

what areas/lobes are active/inactive during REM sleep

deactive: prefrontal cortex

active: amygdola, primary visual cortex

what are manifest content vs latent content

what you remember vs the meaning/what is symbolizes

what is the activation-synthesis hypothesis

brain tries to make sense of random electrical activity during sleep by synthesizing the activity with stored memories

sleep deprivation leads to increased activation of _____ receptors, which treat ________

seretonin, depressoin

what is insomnia

sleep disorder when mental health is compromised and people are unable to function due to inability to fall asleep or stay asleep

what is obstructive sleep apnea

a sleep disorder where throat clothes and people gasp for air. results in daytime fatigue

what is narcolepsy? people experience _____ which is assoicated with REM sleep

sleep disorder where people experience excessive sleepiness and it causes them to collapse

muscle aralysis

what do psychoactive drugs cause

cause changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, behavior, and feelings

they activate neurotransmitter systems

what are the two ways psychoactive drugs change mood, consciosuness, thought, behavior, and feelings. what are some examples

1. imitate brain’s natural neurotransmitters (marijuana, opiates)

2. changing the activity of particular neurotransmitter receptors (cocaine)

what are stimulants

stimulate CNS (mental activity and behavior)

what are depresents

lower brain activity and behavior

what are opiods

reduce pain and bring pleasure

what is the most widely used/abused drug? what type of drug is it

alcohol, it is a depressant

everything to know

review drugs

review drugs