chapter 16

Vocabulary flashcards covering medical terminology related to airway management, respiration, and neurological assessments.

3-3-2 rule

A method used to predict difficult intubation. A mouth opening of less than three fingerbreadths, a mandible length of less than three fingerbreadths, and a distance from hyoid bone to thyroid notch of less than two fingerbreadths indicate a possibly difficult airway.

abdominal thrust maneuver

Abdominal thrusts performed to relieve a foreign body airway obstruction.

accessory muscles

The muscles not normally used during normal breathing; include the sternocleidomastoid muscles of the neck, the pectoralis major muscles of the chest, and the abdominal muscles.

acetylcholine (ACh)

A chemical neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system.

adventitious

Abnormal.

afterload

The pressure gradient against which the heart must pump; an increase can decrease cardiac output.

agonal gasps

Slow, shallow, irregular respirations or occasional gasping breaths that result from cerebral anoxia.

anoxia

An absence of oxygen.

anterograde amnesia

An inability to remember events after the onset of amnesia.

aphonia

The inability to speak.

apneic oxygenation

The continued alveolar uptake of oxygen, even when the patient is apneic; can be facilitated by administering oxygen via nasal cannula during intubation.

apneustic respirations

Prolonged gasping inspirations followed by extremely short, ineffective expirations; associated with brainstem insult.

Automatic transport, ventilator, ATV

A portable mechanical ventilator attached to a control box that allows the provider to set the variables of ventilation example, respiratory rate, tidal Volume

Benzodiazepines

Sedative hypnotic drug that provide muscle relaxation and mild sedation. Examples include diazepam Valium and Midazolam versed

Bimanual larynogoscopy

An effective technique to improve the view of the vocal cords through external manipulation of the larynx

Bilevel positive airway pressure BPAP

A non-invasive form of positive pressure ventilation that delivers two pressures a high Inspiratory positive airway pressure and a lower expiratory positive airway pressure

Biot ataxic respirations

Irregular pattern rate in depth of respirations with intermediate periods of apnea result from increased intracranial pressure

Bourdon gauge flow meter

An oxygen flow meter that is commonly used because it is not affected by gravity and can be placed in any position

Burp maneuver

The backward upward and rightward pressure used during intubation to improve the laryngoscopic view of the glottic opening and vocal cords also called external laryngeal Manipulation

Bronchovesicular sounds

A combination of tracheal and vesicular breath sounds

Carbon monoxide oximeter

A device that measures absorption at several wave links to distinguish oxyhemoglobin from car oxyhemoglobin

Carboxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin loaded with carbon monoxide

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

A gradually increasing rate in depth of respirations, followed by gradual, decrease with intermediate periods of apnea associated with brain, stem insult

Color metric carbon dioxide detector

A device that attaches between the endotracheal tube and the ventilation device use a special paper that should turn from purple to yellow during exhalation, indicating the presence of exhaled carbon dioxide

Continuous positive airway pressure CPAP

A method of ventilation that delivers a single pressure used primarily in the treatment of critically, ill patients with respiratory distress and can prevent the need for indoor tracheal intubation

Cormack lehane classification

A system used to predict intubation difficulty based on the airway structures observed during laryngoscopy

Crackles

The breath sounds produced as fluid filled viola pop open under increasing inspiratory pressure can be fine or course, sometimes called rails

Curved laryngoscope blade (Macintosh Blade)

A blade designed to fit into the vallecula indirectly, lifting the glottis and exposing the vocal cords

Delayed sequence intubation

A procedure in which a patient is sedated for the purpose of pre-auction prior to the administration of a paralytic agent and intubation

Denitrogenation

The process of replacing nitrogen in the lungs with oxygen to maintain a normal oxygen saturation level during intubation

Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker

A drug that competitively binds with acetylcholine sites, but is not affected as quickly by acetylcholinesterase an example in succinylcholine chloride

Disassociative anesthetic

A medication that distorts perception of sites and sounds and induce a feeling of detachment from their environment and self

Dysphonia

Difficulty speaking

Dyspnea

Difficult or labored breathing

Endotracheal intubation

Inserting an endotracheal tube through the glottic Opening and sealing the tube with a cuff inflated against the tracheal wall

Entitled carbon dioxide monitors

Devices that detect the presence of carbon dioxide in exhaled air

Epiglottitis

A leaf shaped structure that closes over the trachea during swallowing

Gum bougie

A flexible device that is inserted between the glottis under direct laryngoscopy The endotracheal tube is threaded over the device facilitating. Its entry into the trachea also called a tracheal tube introducer.

Hemoglobin

And iron containing protein found in red blood cells that have ability to combine with oxygen

Hypercapnia

Increase carbon dioxide content in Arterial blood

Hyper ventilation

A condition in which an increased amount of air enters the alveoli carbon dioxide eliminates exceeds carbon dioxide production

Hypocapnia

Decreased carbon dioxide content in arterial blood

Hypoventilation

A condition which a decreased amount of air enters the Avioli carbon dioxide production, exceeds the body’s ability to eliminate it by ventilation

Hypoxemia

A decrease in arterial oxygen level

Hypoxia

A lack of oxygen to cells and tissues

Intrapulmonary shunting

Bypassing of oxygen pour blood pass non-functioning alveoli

King LT airway

A single lumen airway that is blindly inserted into the esophagus when properly placed in the esophagus one Cup seals the esophagus and the other seals the oropharynx

LMA

A device that surrounds the opening of the larynx With an inflatable silicone cough positioned in the hypo pharynx An alternative to bad mask, ventilation

Mallampati classification

A system for predicting the relative difficulty of intubation based on the amount of oropharyngeal Structures visible in an upright seated patient who is able to fully open their mouth

Methemoglobinemia

A compound formed by oxidation of the iron on hemoglobin

Murphy eye

An opening on the side of a endotracheal tube at its distal tip that permits ventilation to occur, even if the tip becomes occluded by blood mucus or the tracheal wall

Needle cricothyrotomy

Insertion of a 14 to 16 gauge over the needle IV catheter through the cricothyroid membrane and into the trachea

Negative pressure of ventilation

Drawing of the air into the lungs airflow from a region of higher pressure outside the body to a region of lower pressure. The lungs occurs during normal unassisted breathing.

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular pluckers

Drugs that bind to acetylcholine receptor sites they do not cause depolarization of the muscle fiber examples (nium) ending

Orthopena

Positional dyspnea

Partial re-breathing mask

A mask similar to the non-breathing mask, but without a one-way valve between the mask and the reservoir

Peak expiratory flow

An approximation of the extent of bronchoconstriction used to determine whether therapy such as with inhaled bronchodilators is effective

Positive and expiratory pressure

Mechanical maintenance of pressure in the airway at the end of expiration to increase the volume of gas remaining in the lungs

Preload

The pressure of blood in the heart at the end of diastole

Pressure compensated flowmeter

In oxygen flowmeter that incorporates a float ball in a transparent Calibrated tube the float rises or falls according to the gas flow in the tub tube. It’s affected by gravity and must remain an upright position.

Pulsus paradoxus

A drop in systolic blood pressure of 10 mmHg or more commonly seen in patients with pericardial tamponade or severe asthma

Rapid sequence intubation

A specific set of procedures performed and rapid succession to induce, sedation and paralyzed and intubate a patient quickly

Reduced hemoglobin

Hemoglobin from which oxygen has been released to the cells

Reemergence phenomenon

The occurrence of dreams, nightmares or delirium at a person, taking ketamine may experience as the drug approaches the end of it. It’s half-life.

Respiratory acidosis

A pathological condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 caused by the accumulation of acids in the body from a respiratory cause

Respiratory alkalosis

A pathological condition characterized by a blood pH of greater than 7.45 results from the accumulation of bases in the body from a respiratory cause

Rhonci

A continuous low pitch sound indicates mucus or fluid in the larger lower airways

Safe residual pressure

The pressure of which an oxygen cylinder should be replaced with a full one often defined as 200 psi

Stenosis

A narrowing such as of a blood vessel

Stoma

In the context of the airway, the orifice of a tracheostomy That connects the trachea to the outside air

Therapy regulator

A device that attaches to the stem of the oxygen cylinder and reduces the high pressure of gas to a safe range about 50 psi

Tracheal breath sounds

Breath sounds heard by placing these stethoscope diaphragm over the trachea or sternum also called bronchial breath sounds

Venturi mask

A mask with a number of interchangeable adapters that draws Roumare into the mask along with the oxygen flow allows for the administration of highly specific oxygen concentrations

Vesicular sounds

Soft muffled breath sounds in which the expiatory phase is barely audible

V/Q mismatch

An imbalance between the atomic portion of the lungs being ventilated V in the atomic portion of being profusely Q

Waveform capnography

A waveform displayed of exhaled carbon dioxide