Anatomy & Physiology Quiz #2

Postcranial Skeleton: Appendicular Skeleton

Periosteum

Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone

Diaphysis

Elongated shaft of a long bone

Epiphysis

The end of a long bone, attached to the shaft

Epiphyseal Plate

Plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides for growth in length of a long bone

Articular Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends at moveable joints

Meniscus (Articular Discs)

Crescent-shaped piece of fibrocartilage in the knee joint that acts as a shock absorber and cushion between the thigh bone (femer) and shin bone (tibia)

Joint Cavity

A fluid-filled space between the connecting bones of a freely moveable synovial joint

Synovial Fluid

Fluid secreted by the synovial membrane; lubricates joint surface and nourishes articular cartilages

Fibrous

Bones joined by collagen fibers of connective tissue

Sutures (Fibrous)

Found only between bones of skull

Syndesmoses (Fibrous)

Junction of bones held together by ligaments

Gomphoses (Fibrous)

Tooth attached to socket with periodontal ligament

Cartilaginous

Bones joined by cartilage

Synchondroses (Cartilaginous)

Joints of hyaline cartilage between the shaft and the epiphyseal plates of growing long bones

Symphyses (Cartiligenous)

Bones are joined by fibrocartilage

Synovial

Articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity

What are the six cateogires within synovial joints?

Plane, condylar, ball-and-socket, hinge, saddle, pivot

Synarthroses

Immovable joints

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable joints

Diarthroses

Freely moveable joints (synovial joints)

Temporomandibular Joint: temporal bone of skull & mandible

(Top Purple Dot)

Sternoclavicular Joint: sternum & clavicle

(Second purple dot)

Humeroscapular or Glenohumeral Joint: scapula & humerus

(Second from the bottom)

Metacarpophalangeal (Knuckle): metacarpal & proximal phalanx

(Final dot)

Interphalangeal (Finger): adjacent phalanges

(Second purple dot)

Hip (Coxal): hip bone & femur

(Fourth dot from the top)

Knee (Tibiofemoral): femur & tibia

(Fifth from the bottom [purple])

Ankle Joint: tibia & fibula w/ talus

Flexion

• Sagittal plane

• Decreases the angle between two bones

Extension

• Sagittal plane

• Increases the angle between two bones

Hyperextension

Extension past the anatomical point

Abduction

• Frontal plane

• Moves a limb away from the median plane

Adduction

• Frontal plane

• Moves a limb toward the median plane

Circumduction

Moves the distal end of a limb in a circle

Rotation

Turns a bone around its own long axis

Lateral Rotation

Turns a bone away from the median plane

Medial Rotation

Turns a bone towards the median plane

Pronation

Rotates the radius over the ulna

Supination

Rotates the radius and ulna parallel

Dorsiflexion

Moves the superior surface of the foot toward the shin (as in standing on your heel)

Plantar Flexion

Moves the superior surface of the foot farther away from the shin (as in pointing your toes)

Protraction

Moves the mandible forward

Retraction

Moves the mandible back