Lang chpt 2

Argument

Persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered

movement from a claim to a conclusion

Claim

also call an assertion or proposition, a claim States the arguments main idea or position

Claims of fact

asserts that something is true or not true

Claim of value

argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong

Claim of policy

proposes a change

Evidence

Support for a claim or an argument

Personal experience

evidence drawn from the writers own experience

Personal observations

evidence the writer has seen but not experienced

Testimony

expression of how the writer/ someone the writer is citing feels abt a Personal experience or observation (story on how a person feels)

Anecdotes

stories abt other PPI that You've either observed, been told abt, or researched, less formal

Analogies

Comparisons b/w two unrelated things as a way to clarify one of them

Current events

What’s going on currently

Historical information

verifiable facts that a writer knows (from past)

Formal research

Can Provide background/ context for current issues

Expert opinions

drawing specialized, credible knowlege

Quantitative evidence

things that can be measured, cited, or represented w/ #'s

Lines of reasoning

connections b/w the claims in the writers argument and the evidence presented to support

Thesis

overarching claim that clearly states the writers position

Induction

Latin inducere "to lead into", logical Process of reasoning from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw conclusions

Deduction

logical Process that reaches a conclusion by starting w/ a general principle or universal truth and applying it to a specific case.

Syllogism

logical structure that uses the major premise of minor premise to reach logical conclusion

Classical argument

Five Part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians (parts include: narration, confirmation, refutation,conclusion)

Introduction

introduces the reader to the subject under discussion rational. Provides factual info/ background on material on the subject.

Confirmation

major Part of the text, includes development or the proof needed to make the writers case

Refutation

addresses counterargument, bridge b/w Proof and conclusion on: brings essay to an end, appeals to Pathos and reminds reader of the previously established ethos

Conclusion

brings essay to an end, appeals to Pathos and reminds reader of the previously established ethos

Rogerian arguments

Developed by carl Rogers, based on the assumption that fully understanding an opposing position in essential to responding to it

Toulmin model

approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by Brit philosopher Steven Toulmin. B/c (evidence/support)→therefore(claim) → since (warrant or assumption)-> account (backing)→unless (reservation) uncovers the assumptions that underline arguments

Warrant

expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience

Assumption

Links claim to evidence

Backing

Further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority

Qualifier

ex: "In most cases", makes claim less absolute

Reservation

explains terms and conditions necessitated by Qualifier

Rebuttal

Gives voice to objections

Method of development

mode of expression writers use to achieve their Purposes. Eath of these modes is a way of thinking, a reasoning pattern that develops and organizes the reasoning of the writers argument (narration, causal effect, comp/contrast)

Narration

method of development that tells a story or recounts a series of real life events. Chronology governs narration, includes concrete details, a P.O.V

Cause and effect

M.O.D relies on analysis of causes that lead to a certain effect

Comparison and contrast

Juxtaposing two things to highlight their similarities/ difs

Definition

M.O.D, convey details about a concept, event or an object to advance an argument

Description

M.O.D, description evokes the senses by painting a picture of how something looks, sounds, smells, taste, or feels

Logical fallacies

Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. Often arise from a failure to make a logical connection b/w claim and evidence used to support it.

Red herring

type of logical Fallacy wherein the speaker relies on distraction to derail an argument, usually by skipping to a new or irrelevant topic

Ad hominem fallacy

switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker

Straw man fallacy

occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an opponents Viewpoint

False dilemma/either or fallacy

Speaker presents two extreme options as the only Possible choices

Post hoc ergo propter hoc

Latin for "after which therefore b/c of which, meaning that it is incorrect to always claim something is a cause b/c it happened earlier.

Faulty analogy

focuses on irrelevant or inconsequential similarities b/w two things. Just b/c two things are alike in one or more respects doesn’t mean they're alike in every aspect

Hasty generalization

not enough evidence to support a given conclusion.