Acadec 2026-2027 SOCSCI - Section 4 (Revised)

How many people lived outside their country of origin in 2024?

304 million

What percent of the global population were international migrants in 2024?

About 3.7 percent

How many international migrants were there in 2000?

173 million

How many international migrants were there in 2010?

221 million

What happened to internal migration rates in developed countries since the 1970s?

Plummeted

How has the international migrant share of world population changed?

Remained relatively stable

What explains the continuous presence of migrants worldwide?

Inequalities, conflicts, persecutions, environmental changes

What two developments raised awareness of geographic disparities and eased movement?

Globalization, communication and transportation advances

Who are Stephen Castles and Mark J. Miller?

Scholars who studied global migration

What term did Castles and Miller use for the late twentieth century onward?

"Age of Migration"

Why did Castles and Miller call this era an "Age of Migration"?

Unprecedented scale of migration in the world

What time period do Castles and Miller's "Age of Migration" cover?

Since the late twentieth century

What does it mean when people "vote with their feet"?

Move to resolve labor market mismatches

What is a labor market mismatch?

Jobs and job seekers located in different places

Besides jobs, why else do people migrate?

Residential preferences for urban, suburban, or rural settings

What are migration decisions often a reaction to?

Changes in own lives and wider social, economic, political situations

Can migration decisions cause wider change?

Yes, social and political changes

Which disciplines have studied migration?

Demography, economics, political science, sociology, geography

What fundamental questions do migration scholars ask?

Who moves, from where, to where, why, consequences

Who was Confucius?

Ancient Chinese philosopher

What saying is attributed to Confucius in the guide?

First step to wisdom is getting things by right name

Why does the guide cite Confucius before defining migration?

To stress defining key terms precisely

What does Confucius's saying imply for studying migration?

Define key terms correctly before analyzing

What is spatial mobility?

All forms of geographic movement by humans

What are examples of spatial mobility?

Commuting, business travel, vacations, relocating, moving abroad

What is social mobility?

Movement of individuals or groups up and down social hierarchy

How does spatial mobility differ from social mobility?

Geographic movement versus change in social status

What is migration?

Movement of a person between two places for a period

Is migration broader or more restrictive than spatial mobility?

More restrictive

What two dimensions does migration include?

Temporal and spatial

What is activity space?

Where a person lives, works, shops, and socializes daily

What is a key feature of migration regarding activity space?

Change in an individual's activity space

Who decides whether a move counts as migration?

Researchers and government agencies compiling migration data

How is migration spatially defined?

Movement across boundaries of a political unit

What are examples of political units used to define migration?

County, state or province, country

What is an example of a short move across a boundary?

Missouri to Kansas across State Line Road

What are examples of long-distance moves?

Boston to San Diego, Vietnam to United States

Why does migration need some permanence?

To distinguish it from round-trip ventures

What are examples of round-trip ventures that are not migration?

Business travel, vacation trips, commuting

Is there a hard rule for migration measurement intervals?

No

How do censuses and surveys identify moves?

Ask where someone lived one or five years ago

What are the ACS and CPS?

U.S. surveys that count migration by past residence

What other U.S. source gives annual migration data?

Federal income tax return addresses

What is a drawback of identifying moves by past residence?

Underestimates migration by missing intermediate moves

What is an example of a move that might go unrecorded?

New York to Florida and back within a year

How does a longer measurement interval affect missed moves?

More intervening moves are missed

Why are international migration comparisons problematic?

Countries measure migration and collect data differently

What happened to counties under 30,000 people in 2019?

Lost population through net domestic migration

What happened to the smallest counties during 2020 to 2021?

Gained people through domestic migration

What were the largest counties doing before the pandemic?

Losing people through domestic migration

What did the pandemic do to outmigration from largest counties?

Exacerbated it substantially

What is a migrant or mover?

Person who migrates

What are non-migrants or stayers?

People who do not move

What is an origin?

Migrant's place of residence before moving

What is a destination?

Place migrants move to

What is out-migration?

Moves away from a place

What is in-migration?

Moves into a place

What are in-migrants?

People who move to a particular place

What are out-migrants?

People who move out of a particular place

What is immigration?

In-migration across national boundaries

What is emigration?

Out-migration across national boundaries

What are immigrants?

People entering a country

What are emigrants?

People leaving a country

Why is distinguishing in-migrants from out-migrants important?

Their numbers and characteristics may differ greatly

What does Figure 57 show?

Net migration rate per 1,000 people by country, 2023

Which organization supplied the Figure 57 net migration data?

Population Reference Bureau

What relationship might one intuitively assume between in- and out-migration?

Inverse relationship

What is the actual relationship between in- and out-migration?

Places with high in-migration often have high out-migration

Why do high in-migration places also have high out-migration?

High cost of living and job competition push people out

What kind of places are people attracted to?

Places with migration activity in both directions

Is equal in-migration and out-migration common?

No, it is rare

What is net migration?

Difference between in-migrants and out-migrants

What is positive net migration?

More people move in than leave

What is negative net migration?

More people leave than move in

What is natural increase?

Balance between births and deaths

Is net migration the only factor in total population?

No, natural increase also matters

What is a migration stream?

All migrants moving from origin to destination in a period

What is a counterstream?

Migrants going opposite direction of a migration stream

Do streams and counterstreams have equal size?

No, they may differ considerably

Who are many New Yorkers moving to Florida?

Retirees seeking warm weather, beaches, lower cost of living

Who are many Floridians moving to New York?

Professionals and families seeking jobs, schools, culture

How many New Yorkers moved to Florida in 2023?

71,138

How many Floridians moved to New York in 2023?

24,749

What was the net result of the Florida and New York streams?

Net migration gain for Florida

What does Figure 58 depict?

Five major international migration streams in 2015

What is directional bias?

Migration flows concentrate in certain directions

What factors influence directional bias?

Economic opportunities, amenities, networks, proximity

Where do people tend to move economically?

Better opportunities, affordable living, varied amenities

What are examples of amenities that attract migrants?

Warm climate, recreation, cultural attractions

How does distance affect migration when all else is equal?

Nearby areas are more likely destinations

Why are people drawn to nearby areas?

Family ties and familiarity

How do social networks reinforce migration streams?

Friends and family help find jobs and housing

How do social networks reduce relocation stress?

Reduce uncertainty for newcomers

Are migration patterns fixed?

No, they constantly evolve with their factors

What is voluntary migration?

Willing moves for education, economic opportunity, better life

What is involuntary or forced migration?

Moves due to circumstances beyond migrants' control

What are examples of forced migration?

Refugees and internally displaced persons

What are internally displaced persons?

Forced migrants who stay within their own country

Are completely voluntary moves common?

No, broader forces often compel relocation

What is reluctant migration?

Moving because of circumstances while preferring to stay