AIH3H - Test 8

Eisenhower's leadership style

Projected an image of sincerity, fairness, and optimism, helping him win the presidency.

Dynamic Conservatism

Eisenhower's philosophy of being conservative with money while liberal with human beings.

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the South that marginalized Southern blacks.

Rosa Parks

African American woman arrested for refusing to give up her 'whites only' bus seat, sparking a boycott.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Civil rights leader who organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott and promoted nonviolent protest.

Warren Court

Supreme Court under Earl Warren that advanced desegregation and civil rights.

Massive Resistance

Deep South opposition to desegregation, including lawmakers pledging resistance.

Civil Rights Movement

Movement led by Southern blacks to fight for equal rights and end segregation.

Federal Highway Act of 1956

Authorized $27 billion to build interstate highways, impacting defense and suburbanization.

Massive Retaliation Doctrine

Eisenhower's policy promising extreme military response to communist threats, exposed by Hungary.

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Key battle where Ho Chi Minh's forces defeated the French, leading to Vietnam's division.

CIA Iranian Coup of 1953

CIA-led overthrow of Iran's government to install the Shah, leading to future anti-U.S. sentiment.

Suez Crisis of 1956

Conflict triggered by Egypt's nationalization of the Suez Canal, leading to OPEC formation.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice who advanced desegregation in the U.S. through landmark court decisions.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Organization created by Martin Luther King Jr. to mobilize black churches for civil rights.

Little Rock Nine

Group of nine black students escorted to school by federal troops after being blocked by the governor.

Sit-In Movement

Nonviolent protests where individuals occupied segregated spaces to challenge racial discrimination.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court decision that upheld 'separate but equal' doctrine, later overturned by Brown v. Board.

Southern Democrats

Political group that resisted civil rights legislation during Truman's presidency.

Orval Faubus

Governor of Arkansas who opposed desegregation and mobilized the National Guard against it.

Black Intimidation

Methods used by white groups to intimidate blacks and prevent them from integrating.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 Supreme Court case ruling that segregated schools are unconstitutional.

Vietnam War

Conflict resulting from U.S. support for the pro-Western South Vietnam against Ho Chi Minh.

Nasser's Nationalization

Egyptian leader's act of taking control of the Suez Canal, challenging Western interests.

OPEC

Organization formed by oil-producing countries to control oil supply and prices in 1960.

National Guard Intervention

Federal troops sent to enforce desegregation in Arkansas after Governor Faubus's actions.

Segregation Policies

Racial laws ensuring black Americans faced systemic inequality and discrimination.

Civil Rights Legislation

Laws aimed at eliminating racial discrimination and ensuring equal rights.

Southern Vigilante Violence

Unlawful actions by white groups to enforce racial segregation through intimidation.

Korean Conflict

War that raised concerns about Eisenhower's ability to face communism and his leadership style.

Cold War Image

America's reputation challenged by racial segregation, undermining its stance against communism.

Economic Ivy League

Describes the economic benefits and job growth from federal highway construction.

Public Transportation Segregation

Racial segregation in buses, where separate seating was mandated for blacks and whites.

Fiscally Conservative Policies

Eisenhower's approach aimed at reducing government spending while maintaining social welfare.

Black Bus Boycott

The protest led by the black community in Montgomery against bus segregation following Parks's arrest.

Strategic Air Command

Military wing strengthened under Eisenhower, equipped with nuclear capabilities for deterrence.

Constitutional Principles Declaration

Signed by Southern lawmakers to resist desegregation efforts in 1956.

White Citizen Councils

Organizations that opposed civil rights and used intimidation against black citizens.

Nonviolent Principles

Core values of King’s strategy inspired by Gandhi’s philosophy of peaceful resistance.

Oil Crisis Consequence

The turmoil from Iran's revolution that impacted global oil supplies in 1979.

Indochina Conflict

Post-WWII struggle for independence in Vietnam, leading to U.S. military involvement.

Kings' Speeches

Influential oratory that garnered support for the civil rights movement.

Black Political Power

Limited electoral participation of Southern blacks under Jim Crow laws, only 20% registered.

Racial Segregation Acts

Legal standards that enforced separation of races in public spaces.

Communism Containment

U.S. policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism during the Cold War.

International Image

Perception of America as a defender of freedom challenged by domestic segregation.

Pro-Western Government

South Vietnamese regime supported by the U.S. after French colonial withdrawal.

Human Rights Advocacy

Efforts made by civil rights leaders to promote equality and end racial discrimination.

Federal Authority Assertion

Eisenhower's response to state-level resistance against federal desegregation mandates.

Social Contract Preservation

Eisenhower's strategy to maintain new welfare policies without rolling back New Deal gains.

Economic Suburbanization

Trend facilitated by the construction of interstate highways impacting urban centers.

Cold War Doctrine

Refers to U.S. strategies like 'massive retaliation' during Eisenhower's administration.

Eisenhower's Military Actions

Troop deployment to enforce integration at Little Rock Central High School in 1957.

Anti-Colonial Movement

Struggle against colonial powers, exemplified by Vietnamese resistance to French control.

U.S. Cold War Strategy

Use of economic and military support to combat perceived threats from communism.

Vigilante Racism

Acts of violence and intimidation by whites to maintain racial segregation.

Battle for Freedom

Struggle of various racial and social groups to secure civil rights in America.

Post-World War II Institutions

Structures established during and after WWII that influenced geopolitics and national policy.

Presidential Orders

Actions taken by presidents like Truman to address civil rights issues, albeit with limitations.