biological molecules all foqwhcards to be put into folders

Define momomer

One molecule

Define polymer

A chain of repeating units (monomers)

Define condensation

2 molecules joining and removing water

Give an example of a condensation equation using a and b

A-H + B-OH = A-B + H2O

Define hydrolysis

2 molecules splitting because water is added, where H and OH overtake the other molecules.

Give an example of a hydrolysis equation using a and b

A-B + H20 = A-H + B-OH

Explain why water is a polar covalent bond (inbetween H and O)

Water contains H and O ions, H is slightly positive and O is slightly negative, so therefore the whole molecule has no overall charge but rather has charged poles.

What are hydrogen bonds in simple terms?

When the H (+) from water is attracted to another O (-) from another molecule. They are weak

What are the two main uses of carbohydrates?

-sources of energy for all organisms

-structural material in membranes

What’s the general formula for all carbs?

C(n) H(2n) O(n)

What are the two categories of carbohydrates?

Sugars and polysaccharides

What are the two categories of sugar carbohydrate?

Monosaccharides and diasaccharides

define monosaccharides

Single monomer sugar

Define diasaccharides

Joining of two monosaccharides

Define polysaccharides

A chain of monosaccharides

What are the two kinds of monosaccharides?

Glucose and Pentose sugar

What are the two kinds of glucose?

Alpha and beta glucose

Draw alpha and beta glucose on a whiteboard REDO THIS ITS WRONG

Switched molecule positions

what are the two possible ways glucose can exist as?

A straight chain or a ring when dissolved in water

Where are pentose sugars found?

In DNA and RNA nuc

What are the two kinds of Pentose sugar?

Ribose and deoxiribose

Draw the two kinds of Pentose sugar (ribose and deoxiribose)

Swapped

What are the three kinds of diasaccharides?

Maltose, sucrose and lactose

Write the reactions for maltose

Glucose + glosses = maltose + water

Write the reaction for sucrose

Glucose + fructose = sucrose + water

Write the reaction for lactose

Glucose + galactose = lactose + water

What kinds of reactions are the formation of diasaccharides and why?

-condensation

-water is removed from the monomers out of the reaction and is a side product

What is the bond between the chain of sugars in a diasaccharide called?

Glycosidic bond

What are the two kinds of polysaccharide? Where are they primarily found?

Starch (in plants) and glycogen (in animals)

Why is glucose (a monosaccharide) stored as a polysaccharide in plants and animals?

-glucose is solvable and can dissolve in the cytoplasm

-a large number of dissolved glucoses can lower the water potential, causing water to flow in to the cell me it may burst

-therefore glucose is stored as starch in plants and glycogen in animals, both polysaccharides.

What two things is starch made from?

Amylose and amylopectin

What type of glucose is amylose, amylopectin and glycogen made of?

Alpha glucose

Is amylose, amylopectin and glycogen:

-branched or unbranched?

-where are the glycosidic bonds found/branch points found?

-relative level of branching

-why its structure is suitable for energy storage

-amylose is unbranched, g bonds at 1,4, it’s coiled structure is more compact for more energy storage

-amylopectin is branched, with branch points at 1,4 and 6, the branches allow for a larger surface area for enzymes to work quicker to convert it Into glucose

-glycogen is branched, with branch points at 1,6 it also allows more enzyme activity, this has the most relative level of branching because it is found in animals, which require the most amount of glucose release in urgency.