Science test

First law of thermo dynamics

Law of conservation of energy the energy can neither be created or destroyed energy can only be trandferred or changed from one form to another

What is the special kind of nucleotide used by cells to store and realese energy and what is the sugar,nitrogen base, and amount of phosphate groups

ATP. Adenosine triphosphate:

Sugar:Ribose

Nitrogen bae:Adenine

Phosphate groups:3

What can ATP change into and how many phosphate groups

Changes to ADP=Adenosine disphosphate and has 2 phosphate groups

ATP releases what and remoces what

Releases stored energy in a high chemical bond by removing phosphate and becoming ADP

What is the equation of the transformation

ATP-Phosphate-Energy-ADP

Cells stored energy by adding phosphate back to what and where does the energy come from?

ADP to make ATP and the energy comes from foods like glucose

What is the equation to make ATP

ADP+Phosphate+Energy-ATP

What makes photosynthesis work

High energy electrons

Molecules that carry energy are

ATP

Molecules that carry high energy electrons are

NADP+

What is one of the carriers that cells use to transport highenergy electrons

NADP

What is the equation to make NADPH

NADP+ +nEnergy electrons+Hydrogen-NADPH

NADP+ stands for

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Where does oxygen that is produced during photosynthesis come from

Water molecules

What is the Calvin Cycle

Biochemical pathway of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP

How is the inner membrane of a chloroplast different then the outer membrane

The outer membrane allows more kinds of molecules to move through it than the inner membrane

Where do proteins get the energy to combine CO2 snd other compounds in the calvin cycle

Useing energy from ATP and NADP

What are 3 factors that affect Photosynthesis

1.amount of water

2.light intensity

3.Temperature

What are macromolecules

Large molecules and important to living things

List the 4 macromolecules

1.Carbohydrates

2.Lipids

3.Nucleic acids

4.Proteins

List 3 elements in carbohydrates

1.Carbon

2.Hydrogen

3.Oxygen

What is the ratio of carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate

1C:2H:1O

What are monosaccharide

Molecules made up of only one sugar molecule

What are 3 letters most sugars end in

ose

What are monomers of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides are also called what

Simple sugars

3 examples of monosaccharides

Glucose: C6 H12 O6’

Fructose: C6 H12 O6

Deoxyribos: C5 H10 O5

What is a isomer

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

How are disaccharides made

Useing dehydration synthesis to join two monosaccharide sugar molecules together

What is a glycosidic bond

The bond formed between monosaccharides

How are polysaccharides made

Monosaccharides can be joined together useing dehydration synthesis to make polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are also called

many sugars

What are some of the 3 functions of polysaccharides

1.Starch plants storage for excess sugars

2.Cellulose gives plants their strength and rigidty

3.Glycogen animal storage foe excess sugar in blood sugar to glycogen released frome livr supply energy for muscle contractions

Chromatography

The physical method of separation.

Chromatogram

is the visual output (such as a chart or graph with peaks)

How can atoms become molecules

by bonding together

How can small molecules become larger molecules

by linking together

How can large molecules become small molecules

Breaking apart

4 examples of large/giant molecules that are found in living things

1.DNA

2.Fats

3.Proteins

4.Carbohydrates

Mono means what and Poly mean what

Mono=One

Poly=many

What is a monomer

A small molecule that is a building block of a larger molecule

What is a polymer

Large molecule made from many small molecules joined together they are made of many monomers

How do monomers become polymers

By joining many molecules together they form chemical bonds which is called synthesis

How do polymer turn into monomers

through chemical breakdown processes that split the covalent bonds holding the long chains together

What are 4 polymer

Protein, Glucose, Nucleotide, Simple sugar

What are 4 monomers

Amino Acid, Starch, DNA, Complex carbohydrates

What makes one nucleotide different from another

Nitrogenous base

What does condensation mean

2 monomers joined together

Does condensation involve forming or breaking chemical bonds and when would your body perform it

Forms chemical bonds and our body performs it when storing energy

What does hydrolysis means

To break water

Does hydrolysis ivolve forming or breaking the bonds and when does our body perform this type of reaction

breaking and realeasing stored energy

What are the 3 names of common disaccharides

1.Sucrose

2.Lactose

3.maltose

Carbohydrates are joined together by peptide bonds true or false

False

A disaccharide is an example of a carbohydrate true or false

True

Monosaccharides are made of polysaccharides true or false

False

Monosacccharides have to be broken down many times during digestion true or false

false

Polymer are made of monomers true or false

true

Monosaccarides are the simplest form of carbohydrates

true

4 main macromolecules in living things

1.Carbohydrates

2.Lipids

3.proteins

4.nucleic acids

One way to join molecules to make a bigger molecule is by

remocing a water molecule to make dehydration system