Flashcards Histology and Tissue Repair: Characteristics, Types, and Regeneration

What are the steps involved in preparing animal tissue for microscopic viewing?

Fix the tissue to preserve it, section it into thin slices, and stain it to improve contrast.

What are the structural and functional characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Epithelial tissue has tightly packed cells with little extracellular matrix, strong polarity, an apical and basal surface, rapid regeneration, is innervated but avascular, and forms boundaries, coverings, linings, and glands.

What are the structural and functional characteristics of connective tissue?

Connective tissue has relatively few cells spread through abundant extracellular matrix, usually has varying degrees of vascularity, and functions to connect, support, protect, and separate other tissues.

What are the structural and functional characteristics of muscle tissue?

Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction, produces movement, generates tension, responds to stimulation, contains actin and myosin, and is highly vascular.

What are the structural and functional characteristics of nervous tissue?

Nervous tissue regulates and controls body functions and contains neurons that conduct electrical impulses and neuroglia that support, protect, and insulate neurons.

What are the main types of epithelial tissue?

Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous, and transitional epithelium.

What are the main classes of connective tissue?

Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood.

What are the main types of connective tissue proper?

Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

Areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissue.

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic connective tissue.

What are the types of cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

What are the two major cell types in nervous tissue?

Neurons and neuroglia.

What is a gland?

One or more cells that secrete a particular product.

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Exocrine glands retain ducts that carry secretions to an epithelial surface, while endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones into interstitial fluid and then the blood.

What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular glands?

Unicellular glands are made of one secretory cell, such as a goblet cell, while multicellular glands contain many cells.

What is the difference between holocrine and merocrine secretion?

Merocrine glands release products by exocytosis, while holocrine glands release products when the entire secretory cell ruptures.

What is the structure and function of the cutaneous membrane?

The cutaneous membrane is the skin and consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium attached to connective tissue. It covers the body surface and is the body's only dry membrane.

What is the structure and function of a mucous membrane?

A mucous membrane consists of stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium over areolar connective tissue called the lamina propria. It lines body cavities that open to the exterior and is kept moist by secretions or urine.

What is the structure and function of a serous membrane?

A serous membrane consists of mesothelium over a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. It lines body cavities closed to the exterior and produces a fluid-filled space that reduces friction.

What are the stages of tissue repair in a superficial wound?

1. Inflammation sets the stage, 2. Organization restores the blood supply, and 3. Regeneration and fibrosis complete permanent repair.

What happens during inflammation in tissue repair?

Injured cells release inflammatory chemicals, blood vessels become leaky, white blood cells and clotting proteins enter the area, and a clot and scab form.

What happens during organization in tissue repair?

New capillaries grow into the area, fibroblasts produce collagen and growth factors, macrophages remove debris, and epithelial cells begin to regenerate.

What happens during regeneration and fibrosis?

The damaged area contracts, epithelium thickens and regenerates, and scar tissue may remain.

Which tissues have the strongest regenerative capacity?

Epithelial tissue, bone, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and blood-forming tissue.

Which tissues have moderate regenerative capacity?

Smooth muscle and dense regular connective tissue.

Which tissues have weak regenerative capacity?

Skeletal muscle and cartilage.

Which tissues have no regenerative capacity according to the slides?

Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue.

Rank the tissues from most to least regenerative.

Strong: epithelial tissue, bone, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, blood-forming tissue. Moderate: smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue. Weak: skeletal muscle, cartilage. None: cardiac muscle, nervous tissue.