social psych. Chapter 9

WHat is comformity?

change in behavior with or without explicit pressure from others

What is change in behavior with or without explicit pressure from others?

comformity

What is following fashion trends an example of?

comformity

What is an example of conformity?

getting tattoos

What is compliance?

following the request of another person, regardless of status

What is an example of compliance?

agreeing to do someone a favor

What is agreeing to do someone a favor an example of?

compliance

What is obedience?

following demands of someone who is higher in social power than oneself

What is following demands of someone in a higher social standing?

obedience

What is an example of obedience?

following orders from a police officer

What is following rules made by a professor?

obedience

What is the name for conformity done automatically?

automatic mimicry

What is automatic mimicry?

unconscious imitating behaviors of a confederate

What is bouncing leg and scratching nose an example of?

automatic mimicry

Why do we unconsciously mimic others?

ideomotor action

Where does ideomotor action happen?

in the brain to action completed

Does everyone complete ideomotor actions the same?

no, some more than others

What is a person like if they tend to complete ideomotor actions above averagely?

tend to be nicer, empathetic, and more sociable people

What is a person like if they tend to complete ideomotor actions below averagely?

tend to be ruder, assholish, and tendencies for delinquent actions

What is ideomotor action?

principle that thinking about an action increases likelihood of doing that action

What is a major factor in ideomotor action?

when others behave in a certain way, the behavior comes to mind (monkey-see-monkey-do)

What type of drive is automatic mimicry?

social

What can mimicry build and lead to?

social rapport and pleasant social interactions

What happens to people that are mimicked in social interactions?

they become more open and engage in more prosocial behavior

How does mimicry affect likeness?

people like individuals that mimic them better than those who don’t

What is the role of culture in mimicry?

interdependent cultures benefit from mimicry and are impleaded without while independent cultures are very minimally/not affected

What is the name of the study done on the role of culture in mimicry?

Sanchez-Burks et al. (2009)

What did the study Sanchez-Burks et al. (2009) do to study mimicry in cultures?

divided 2 groups for interviews, one interviewer mimicked and the other didn’t

What was the result of the Sanchez-Burks et al. (2009) study?

Hispanics preformed better when mimicked and worse when not, Caucasians had roughly no difference.

What is informational social influence?

conformity based on desire to be accurate

What is conformity based on desire to be accurate?

informational social influence

How is informational social influence done?

uses other people as informatioon

Why does informational social influence happen?

Other people are seen as correct or having more information

What influences are used by an individual in informational social influence?

comments or actions by others

What are the comments or actions by others a part of informational social influence?

used as a source for information about what is correct, proper, or effective

What study(s) were done on informational social influence?

Sherif’s autokinetic illusion study

What was the autokinetic illusion study?

a stationary point of light will appear to move in a dark room

What were the results of the autokinetic illusion study?

People’s judgments about the movement of light converged with other participants over trials

What is normative social influences?

conformity based on desire to be liked or socially accepted

What is conformity based on desire to be liked or socially accepted?

normative social influences

What is the name of the study done on normative social influences?

line judgement study (Asch 1956)

What was the task asked to be completed in the line judgement study?

judging if 2 lines were the same length or different

How did the line judgment study work?

1 real participants in a group of confederates, who give the wrong answers

What were the results of the line judgment study?

75% of participants conformed once, 37% of participants conformed for each trial

What factors affect conformity?

group unanimity, expertise and status, group size, bias or self-interest of peer, culture, anonymity, ambiguity, need for social approval

What does group unanimity have to do with conformity?

more conformity when group is unanimous

Where is there less conformity in group unanimity?

if there is at least 1 person that breaks unanimity, conformity rates drop

What is an example of group unanimity?

in the line study, when the confederates unanimously chose the wrong answer, the individual follows

What is an example of where is there less conformity in group unanimity?

in the line study, when the confederates choose the wrong answers but differ from person to person, the individual is more likely to choose the answer they believe is correct

What type of influence do experts give?

informational social influence

What type of influence do high status individuals give?

normative and informational social influence

WHo will people conform to regardless of accuracy?

high status individuals

How does group size effect conformity?

rates increase as size increase, up to about 4 members

How does the group size work?

two people have a greater influence than 1 but 8 isnt more impactful than 4

How does bias or self-interest affect conformity?

less conformity when there is a presence, and more when perceived as going against

when do we conform less?

when situation is perceived as acting against our self-interest or bias

When do we conform more?

when we perceive them going with our bias or self-interest

How do interdependent/collective cultures see conformity?

informational and normative group conformity is seen as normal/usual

How do independent cultures see conformity?

has a negative connotation

How can conformity be positive?

no deliberating between options, rid of potential conflict, smoother interactions

What do all of these have in common: no deliberating between options, rid of potential conflict, smoother interactions

positive influences of conformity

What is a ‘tight’ culture?

strong norms regarding how people should behave, no tolerance for deviance

What is a ‘loose’ culture?

weak norms with high tolerance for deviance

What is the difference between ‘tight’ and ‘loose’ cultures

expectations for norms and deviance from said norms

How does anonymity affect conformity?

normative social influence is removed

How is normative social influence removed?

when decisions can be made anonymously

What is ambiguity?

low knowledge or competence about a topic

WHat is an example of conformity due to ambiguity?

women conform on questions related to stereotypical male tasks, and men conform on women’s

What does ambiguity in conformity result in?

Informational Social conformity and internalization

What is Informational Social conformity and internalization a result of?

ambiguity in conformity

What is internalization?

private acceptance

What is the need for social approval related mostly to?

normative social conformity

What does normative social conformity influence?

public compliance

What does normative social conformity NOT influence?

private acceptance (internalization)

What was Milgram’s obedience study, studying?

class study showing the power of social influence

What is the name of the class study showing the power of social influence?

Milgram’s obedience study

What was milgram’s obedience study experiment described as?

study of learning

What were the participants tasked with in milgram’s obedience study?

instructed to shock other participants for wrong answers

What were the participants who were getting shocked in the milgam obedience study?

confederates who never receive actual shocks, but pretend

What were the range of shocks participants would administer in milgram’s obedience study?

15-450 volts

What happens as the shocks intensify in milgram’s obedience study?

confederates scream in pain and ask for experiment to end, eventually stop to indicate injury or death

What does the instructor tell the participant during the experiment in milgram’s obedience study?

to continue, regardless of participants and confederates’ protests

Was there any one else in the room with the participant in milgram’s obedience study?

an instructor

To what voltage did all participants ‘administer’ to the confederates in milgram’s obedience study?

300 volts, when confederates began to bang on walls

What percentage of participants administer 450 volts in milgram’s obedience study?

66%

What happened when participants reached 375 volts in milgram’s obedience study?

they all went to 450

where were participants relative to confederates in milgram’s obedience study?

separate rooms

What happened at 300 volts in milgram’s obedience study?

confederates began to bang on conjoining wall of participant’s room

Is milgram’s obedience study the only of its kind?

no, there is several variations

What is the “turning in” the victim variation of milgram’s obedience study?

varied the proximity of the participant and confederate

What variation of milgram’s obedience study included no visual or audio, audio, same room, and touch proximity feedback?

turning in the victim

What happened in “turning in” the victim variation of milgram’s obedience study when feedback and proximity was increased?

the rate of obedience, shock administration, decreased

What happened in milgram’s obedience study variation with touch proximity?

participants had to force confederate’s hands onto shock plate

What was the result in milgram’s obedience study variation with touch proximity?

reduced obedience rates of participants

What is the “turning out” the experimenter variation of milgram’s obedience study?

variations on the social power of the experimenter

How did variations in social power of experimenter work in a variation of milgram’s obedience study?

orders were given in person, over telephone, experimenter (instructor) has lower social status, and instructor is contracted by another

In the “turning out” the experimenter variation of milgram’s obedience study what does instructor having lower social status mean?

dressed in normal or below normal clothing compared to a lab coat

What happened as the social status of the experimenter was lower in a variation of milgram’s obedience study?

obedience rates decreased

What were the reasons for obedience in milgram’s obedience study?

They tried but failed, release from responsibility, step-by-step situation, normalist theory