Marine Biology

marine biology

the scientific study of life in the sea

oceanography

scientific study of the oceans

geological oceanographers

people that study the sea floor

chemical oceanographers

people that study ocean chemistry

physical oceanographers

people that study waves, tides, currents, and other aspects of the sea

biological

marine biology is most closely related to _______ oceanography

biological oceanographer

people that study the perspective of the ocean system and life in the open ocean far from land

seafood

_____ was crucial to early humans (food)

165,000

earliest stone blades from ___ years ago (south africa)

shell beads

earliest known jewelry (110,000 years ago)

coasts

paths of early human migration followed _____

ancient pacific islanders

______________ had a broad and deep knowledge of the sea and its organisms which allowed them to navigate vast distances

phoenicians

the first accomplished western navigators

aristotle

considered by many to be the first marine biologist

aristotle

who recognized that gills are the breathing apparatus of fish

wealthy romans

who decorated their villas with mosaics of marine animals

dark ages

during the ________, scientific inquiry came to a halt

vikings

_____ continued exploring north atlantic 9th-10th centuries CE during dark ages

Leif Eriksson

who discovered vinland (north america) 995 ce

arab

____ traders went to eastern africa, southeast asia, and india

renaissance

during this period, europeans rediscovered ancient knowledge preserved by arabs

columbus

sailed to the new world 1492

magellan

sailed the globe 1519

james cook

english sea captain, first to make scientific observations while sailing and include a full time naturalist

james cook

who lead a series of 3 voyages and explored all the oceans

james cook

who was the first to see antarctic ice fields, land in hawaii, new zealand, tahiti, and several other pacific islands

james cook

who was the first to use a chronometer to determine longitude and make reliable charts

james cook

who was killed in 1779 in a fight with hawaiians

charles darwin

who sailed on the HMS beagle for 5 years

charles darwin

who discovered how atolls formed

charles darwin

who was interested in barnacles

charles darwin

who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection

wilkes expedition

first important exploratory voyage in us

wilkes

who was a cruel leader

wilkes expedition

charted 2400km of the coast of antarctica and confirmed it as a continent

wilkes expedition

brought back 10,000 biological specimens (2,000 previously unknown species)

wilkes expedition

sailed the pacific northwest coast of north american and explored 280 islands in the south pacific

wilkes expedition

first international survey sponsored by us government, laid the foundation for government funding of scientific research

challenger expedition

first major oceanographic expedition for science

charles wyville thompson

who led the challenger expedition

challenger expedition

collected data systematically

edward forbes

carried out extensive trawling of the sea floor around britain and the aegean sea

edward forbes

who recognized that sea-floor life varies at different depths

challenger expedition

took 19 years to publish 50 thick volumes of findings

stanzione zoologica

first laboratory built to keep organisms alive and work over long periods (naples, italy)

woods hole

location of first major american marine laboratory

cape ann

location of laboratory that moved to woods hole and become one of the world’s most prestigious marine labs

sonar

technology developed during ww2 for submarine warfare

sound navigation and ranging

what does sonar stand for

scuba

technology that first allows automobiles to run on compressed natural gas

self-contained underwater breathing apparatus

what does scuba stand for

jacques cousteau and emile gagnan

who are the two people that developed scuba for breathing compressed air

HOV alvin

example of high-tech submarine

R/V flip

example of a unique vessel with technologies

aquarius

example of an undersea habitat

autonomous underwater vehicle

what does auv stand for

remotely operated vehicle

what does rov stand for

remote sensing

technology that satellites use to collect information from the surface of the ocean

scientific method

the set of procedures that scientists use to learn about the world

induction

use observations to arrive at general principles

deduction

reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions

hypothesis

a statement that might be true

alternative hypotheses

another hypothesis based on same observations

experiment

performed when scientists must manipulate nature to make necessary observations and test a hypothesis

variables

factors that might affect observations

controlled variable

variable that is prevented from affecting an experiment

controlled experiment

experiment where variables are prevented from affecting the results

scientific theory

a controversial or provisional hypothesis that has passed every possible test and is supported by overwhelming evidence

habitat

the natural environment where marine organisms live

71

the ocean covers _____% of the globe

southern

____ hemisphere has more ocean (less land)

pacific

which ocean is the deepest and the largest

atlantic

which ocean is second largest and deepest

indian

which ocean is the third largest and deepest

arctic

which ocean is the smallest and shallowest

world ocean

term oceanographers use to describe the one great interconnected system of oceans

southern ocean

the continuous body of water that surrounds antarctica

pacific

which ocean contains the mariana trench

no

are the ocean basins physically separated?

4\.5 billion years ago

when did the formation of the earth occur

big bang

the name of the cosmic explosion that created the dust that formed into earth

molten

the earth’s formation generated so much heat that the entire early planet was _____

density

materials settled within the planet according to their ____

core

innermost layer of earth

iron

what is the core made out of

solid

inner core is _____

liquid

outer core is _____

mantle

layer outside earth’s core

crust

outermost layer of earth

basalt

oceanic crust consists of _____

granite

continental crust consists of ____

oceanic crust

which crust is denser

oceanic crust

which crust is thinner

sir francis bacon

who noted that the coastlines on opposite sides of the atlantic fit together like pieces of a puzzle

alfred wegener

who proposed the hypothesis of continental drift

continental drift

hypothesis that all continents had once been joined in a single supercontinent

pangaea

name of supercontinent

plate tectonics

the process involved in the movement of large plates on earths crust

mid-ocean ridge system

what is the largest geological feature on earth

transform faults

where the mid-ocean ridge is displaced to one side or the other by cracks