Chapter 17, glycolysis

The initiating step of glycolysis is Glucose + ATP to make:

glucose-6-phosphate and ADP

the initiating step of glycolysis is mediated by the enzyme ___________ in all cells

hexokinase

the initiating step of glycolysis is mediated by the enzyme ___________ only in the liver

glucokinase

the ending "kinase" means that it:

has to do with ATP to ADP and phosphorylation

the second step of glycolysis is a reversible reaction where glucose-6-phosphate is turned into ___________-6-phosphate

fructose

the second step of glycolysis where fructose-6-phopshate is made is mediated by the enzyme ___________

phosphohexoseisomerase

isomerization:

one substate to one product

what are the 2 types of isomerization called?

mutase and isomerase

mutase is a ___________ change

number

isomerase is a _______ change

name

the rate limiting or regulating enzyme of glycolysis is ___________________

phosphofructokinase

The third step of glycolysis is from fructose-6-phosphate + ATP to make:

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate +ADP

to get fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate it had to be ________ again

phosphorylated

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate are both _________ and were both phosphorylated in the __ step of glycolysis

trioses, 4th

the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate is a ___________ reaction

reversible

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split in half at carbon _______ and _____ in the fourth step of glycolysis

3,4

what enzyme mediates the splitting of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

Aldose A

DHAP can be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate _________

reversibly

can DHAP do glycolyis?

no

from one glucose molecules __ molecules of glyeraldehyde-3-phosphate can be produced

2

DHAP is the signal for __________ _______

fat synthesis

DHAP is only produced if we ________ __________ energy

don't need

Pi=

inorganic phosphate

to make 1,3BPG, NADH +H+ in the fifth step of glycolysis you need:

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, NAD+, and Pi

what enzyme mediates the formation of 1,3BPG in glycolysis?

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

NAD+ is a ____________ made from niacin

coenzyme

the H+ atom on glyeraldehyde-3-phopshate will leave to attach to _______

NAD+

inorganic phosphates are the most abundant __________ changed electrolyte in our cells

negatively

What is the most abundant positively charged electrolyte in our cells?

potassium

the ending "-ate+ denotes that the molecule is a _____

acid

the main functional group on BPG is:

carboxylic acid

in all cells besides RBC's the sixth step of glycolysis is the conversion of 1,3BPG to _______ via _______ use. This is a _______ level phosphorylation

3-phosphoglycerate, energy, substrate

The enzyme mediating the conversion of 1,3BPG to 3-phosphoglycerate is:

phosphoglycerate kinase

in red cells 1,3BPG is reversibly converted to ______

2,3BPG

what is the importance of 2,3BPG?

Lower O2 binding to hemoglobin. Present in higher quantities at higher altitudes

glycolysis is active ___________

all the time

during fasting or physical activity glycolysis is turned on by ____________ or ______

glucagon, epinephrine

insulin appears to start glycolysis during or after ________

eating

in tissues other than the liver and RBC's glycolysis is turned on through ________

insulin

the glycolysis pathway can also produce several __________ __________

reduced coenzymes

glycolysis can work in both ________ and ________ conditions

aerobic, anaerobic

the overall reaction of glycolysis is glucose to:

pyruvate

glycolysis occurs in the __________ of all cells

cytosol

glycolysis is the catabolism of _______ into ____

glucose, energy

ATP in a mechanism will always be a:

substrate

the only sugar in our blood is __________

glucose

All monosaccharides have to be __________________ before being metabolized through different pathways

phosphorylated

what are phosphorylation reactions driven by?

ATP and kinases

phosphorylation is a _________ step

initiation

fructose and galactose get metabolized in the ________

liver

will ATP be produced in RBC's?

no

the last step in the red cell for glycolysis is the conversion of 2,3BPG into _____________ producing a Pi along with it

3-phosphoglyerate

what enzyme mediates the last step of glycolysis in the red cell?

2,3BPG phosphatase

phosphatase:

removal of a phosphate

The seventh step of glycolysis in all cells besides RBC's is the reversible conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate into _____ phosphoglycerate. This is a ________ reaction done by the enzyme _____

2, isomerization, phosphoglycerate mutase

The eighth step of glycolysis is the reversible conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate into ______________. It also produces _____

phosphoenolpyruvate, H2O

PEP=

phosphoenolpyruvate

The enzyme mediating the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate into phosphoenolpyruvate is:

enolase

PEP and ADP will irreversibly form ______ and ____

pyruvate, ATP

what enzyme mediates the formation of PEP into pyruvate?

pyruvate kinase

pyruvate kinase can _________ _______ glycolysis if pyruvate levels are too high

shut off

what inhibits glycolysis in skeletal muscle?

High ATP and NADH

pyruvate catabolism is done in strictly ________ conditions

anerobic

The conversion od pyruvate using NADH+H+ makes:

lactate and NAD+

Lactate can ______ our ph because it is ______

lower, acidic

anerobic means without the use of _____

O2

pyruvate to lactate is mediated by the enzyme:

lactate dehydrogenase

the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is _______

reversible

the amount of lactate produced form pyruvate in RBC's will _____ in hemolysis

increase

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex:

converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA only in mitochondria

the first step in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is the conversion of pyruvate to ___________. Pyruvate is helped by the coenzyme _____________________ or TDP

hydroxyethyl, thiamin diphosphate

a byproduct of forming hydroxyethyl is ____

CO2

What enzyme helps mediate the first step in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

pyruvate dehydrogenase

TDP is a coenzyme from:

thamin (B1)

the second step of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is the oxidization of ______________ to ____________

hydroxyethyl TDP, acetyl lipoamide

the coenzyme helping form acetyl lipoamide is:

oxidized lipoamide

the enzyme regulating the formation of acetyl lipoamide from hydroxyethyl TDP is:

hydrolipoyl transacetylase

the other byproduct in the second step of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex besides acetyl lipoamide is:

TDP

the third step of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is the conversion of ________________ to ___________ under the coenzyme named coenzyme _ or COA

acetyl lipoamide, acetyl CoA, A

CoA is a coenzyme from:

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)

the other product formed at the 3rd step of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is __________

dihydrolipoamide

The fourth step of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is converting dihydrolipoamide to _________

lipoamide

the fourth step of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex also includes turning ________ to ______

FAD, FADH

the enzyme mediating the fourth step of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is:

Dihydrolipoyldehydroganase

the final step in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is ______ and is the conversion of FADH2 and NAD+ to _______ and __________

reversible, FAD, NADH+H

The end product of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is:

NADH+H

Catabolism of pyruvate produces _ mitochondrial NADH and _ acetyl CoA per molecule of glucose

2,2