Until 2 Part B, Burdhan Soyam, Period 2, Med Terminology

Cell

Basic structural unit of the body

Tissue

A combination of similar cells

Organ

Tissues working together for a particular function

Body System

A group of organs working together for a specific function

Organism

Interdependent cells, tissues, organs & systems that maintain life

homeostasis

a stable internal environment despite changes inside or outside the body

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

Surrounds every cell; a selective semipermeable membrane deciding what enters and leaves

Nucleus

Controls the cell — holds 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) carrying each person's DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Its responsible for each person’s unique genetic makeup.

Cytoplasm

Semifluid material between nucleus and membrane, where chemical reactions occur

Electrolytes

Compounds made of charged particles (ions) that conduct electrical currents in water or cytoplasm

Cations

Positively-charged ions that create acids

Anions

Negatively-charged ions that create bases; bases react with acids to form salts

pH

Measures acids and bases in a fluid - cells and tissues need the right pH to function properly

Muscle Cells

Long, slender cells that let muscles contract and relax

Epithelial Cells

Flat, square cells covering skin and lining the digestive tract & hollow organs

Fat Cells

Contain large, empty spaces to store fat

Nerve Cells

Long, with fibrous extensions to carry nerve impulses

Blood Cells

Vary in size and shape according to their function

Sex Cells

The ovum is the body's largest cell; the sperm is the smallest

Mitosis

Most cells divide this way, producing two genetically identical daughter cells

Meiosis

Produces sex cells (gametes) with half the usual number of chromosomes

Genetics & Hereditary Disorders

Genetics studies how genes pass from parents to offspring and shape the offspring's health. Genetic (hereditary) disorders are diseases caused by a defective gene - present at birth or appearing later in life.

Anabolism

A building-up process combining smaller units into molecules

Aplasia

A cell, tissue, or organ that fails to grow or develop normally

Carcinogenesis

The formation or development of cancer

Endocytosis ↔ Exocytosis

Bringing substances into a cell / transporting them out

Eukaryotic ↔ Prokaryotic

Has a clearly defined nucleus / no clearly defined nucleus

Histogenesis

The production of tissues

Lysosomes

Organelles that destroy pathogens and non-functional cells

Isotonic

Equal pressure/concentration inside and outside the cell - no net water movement

Hypotonic

Lower solute concentration than the cell - water flows in, cell swells

Hypertonic

Greater concentration than the cell - water flows out, cell shrinks

Tissue

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

Histology

The study of the structure and function of tissues

Biopsy

Removing a small piece of tissue, part of an organ, or an entire organ for microscopic examination

Pathologist

A physician who specializes in the study of disease and examines tissue samples under a microscope

Epithelial Tissue

Forms the skin, lines internal organs, and makes up certain glands

Epithelial Tissue - by layers & shape

Simple / Stratified

One layer of cells / more than one layer

Epithelial Tissue - by layers & shape

Squamous / Cuboidal / Columnar

Flat · cube-shaped · column-shaped cells

Connective Tissue

Supports and connects organs and other body tissues

Connective Tissue - by density

Dense

Bone, cartilage

Connective Tissue - by density

Loose

Nerve cells, blood vessels

Connective Tissue - by density

Adipose & Liquid

Fat (heat-retaining insulation) & blood, lymph

Muscle Tissue

Contracts (shortens) to produce bodily movement

Nervous Tissue

Made of neurons; conducts electrochemical impulses between brain and body

Skeletal (Voluntary)

Attached to bones; generates movement at

will

Cardiac

Found only in the heart; powers its pumping

action

Smooth (Visceral / Involuntary)

Lines hollow organs; can't be consciously

controlled

Smooth muscle drives peristalsis

alternating contraction and stretching that moves substances (like food) along a pathway.

Nervous Tissue

Makes up the nervous system; built from neurons that receive and conduct electrochemical impulses between the brain and the rest of the body

Organ

A structure made of several kinds of tissue working together for a specific function - heart, lungs, stomach, brain

eleven major body systems

each a group of organs working together.

homeostasis

none function in isolation. When one system falters, others feel it too, which is exactly why healthcare workers learn the whole map, not just one piece.

Integumentary

Skin, hair, nails - barrier, temperature & fluid balance, vitamin D, sensation

Skeletal

Bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments, tendons - support, protection, blood cell production, mineral storage

Muscular

Muscles - voluntary & involuntary movement, heat production

Nervous

Brain, spinal cord, nerves - carries sensory messages through the body

Endocrine

Hormone-producing glands - regulates metabolism, mood, growth, reproduction

Respiratory

Nasal cavity to lungs - oxygen in, CO2 out, filters air, regulates pH

Cardiovascular

Heart, blood vessels - pumps oxygen & nutrients, removes waste

Lymphatic (Immune)

Spleen, lymph nodes & vessels - fights disease, balances fluid

Digestive

Mouth to anus, liver, gallbladder - breaks down & absorbs nutrients

Urinary

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra - filters blood, balances fluid

Reproductive

Produces offspring - distinct male & female organs