Mechanisms : conditions and reagents
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28 Terms
Alkane to alkene
Catalytic cracking
catalyst ; Al2O3
450 degrees
Alkene to alkane
Hydrogenation :
Reagent - H2
Conditions;
- Nickle catalyst
150 degrees
5 atm
Alkane to halogenoalkane
Free radical substitution
- HX/ X2
UV light
Alkene to haloalkane
Electrophillic addition
- HX / X2
Haloakane to alkene
Elimination
- KOH in ethanol
Reflux
Alkene to alcohol
Hydration
- Steam
- Conc H2SO4
- 300 degrees celcius
- 60atm
Alcohol to Alkene
Dehydration
- Excess conc H2SO4
- 170 degrees celcius
Haloalkane to Alcohol
Nucleophilic substituion
- KOH in aq
- reflux
Alcohol to Haloalkane (Chlorine )
Nucleophilic substitution
- Reagent ; PCL5
- Room temp
- HCl gas produced
Alcohol to Haloalkane (Br)
Nucleophilic substitution
- Reagents : KBr and 50% conc H2SO4
- Heat under reflux
Alcohol to Haloalkane (I)
Nucleophilic substitution
- Red phosphorus and Iodine
- Heat under reflux
Primary alcohol to aldehyde
K2Cr2O7/H2SO4, distil
aldehyde to carboxylic acid
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, reflux
secondary alcohol to ketone
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, reflux in ethanol
aldehyde to primary alcohol
Reduction
- LiAlH4 in dry ether
- followed by dilute acid
ketone to secondary alcohol
LiAlH4 in dry ether
Ketones/Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile
Nucleophillic addition
- HCN
- Room temp
Nitrile to carboxylic acid (Acidic)
Hydrolysis
- Dilute HCl or H2SO4
- Heat under water
- Will produce Carboxylic acid + Ammonium
Nitrile to Carboxylic acid (alkaline)
Hydrolysis
- Dilute NaOh
- Under reflux
- Dilute HCl or H2SO4
- Will produce a carboxylate salt and ammonia
Carboxylic acid to primary alcohol
reduction, LiAlH4 in dry ether
carboxylic acid to carboxylate salt
Neutralisation
NaOH(aq)
carboxylic acid to acyl chloride
halogenation
PCl5, rtp(anhydrous)
carboxylic acid to ester
Esterification
Alcohol
conc. H2SO4
Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid
Cold H2O
Acyl chloride to ester
alcohol - ethanol
Acyl chloride to primary amide
NH3
Acyl Chloride to N-Substituted Amide
Primary or secondary amine
Diols to polyester
-Condesnation polymerisation
- Add dicarboxylic acid
- Catalyst : H2SO4
Heat under reflux