apworld ch 1

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.

Dhow

Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull used by the Arabs.

Swahili Coast

East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.

Silk Roads

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. (Caravan Route)

Indian Ocean Maritime System

In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia. (p. 207)

trans-Saharan caravan routes

Trading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara. (p. 210)

sub-Sahara Africa

Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara. (p. 216)

Ottomans

Turks who had come to Anatolia in the same wave of migrations as the Seljuks.

Steppes

Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to Mongol military.

Bantu

migrated from West Africa and brought skills in farming and iron metallurgy; spread language as well

Ethiopia

East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River. Christian kingdom in Africa.

Ghana

a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea. First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Once know as the Gold Coast

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers (facilitating trade between N and S China). It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

Tributary System

A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China. (279)

Bubonic Plague

A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate and hard to contain. Disastrous.

Junk Ships (Treasure Ships)

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

Zen

The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation. It is known in Sanskrit as dhyana, in Chinese as chan, and in Korean as son. (p. 289)

Shamanism

The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community.

Moveable Type

This was used for printing, and meant that individual letters and words could be moved around to create a page of type. It was an invention of the Renaissance (gold-smiths and paper-makers working together) and helped the spread of humanism over the Alps as it meant that printing was much easier, cheaper, and more efficient. It also led to the famous printing of vernacular Bibles in 1450 by Gutenberg.

Genghis Khan

The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols. It means "oceanic" or universal leader. Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongol Empire.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)

Nomadism

A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water. (p. 326)

Civil Service Exams

Exam all Chinese government official-to-be's had to go through in order to prove themselves. Very rigorous, although once you passed, instant success was guaranteed.

The Crusades

series of military campaigns, where roman catholics tried to capture "holy land" from muslims, some were in Europe

Feudalism

The social organization created by exchanging grants of lands or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of European Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service.

Five Pillars of Islam

religious duties of all Muslims: Shahadah (profession that there is no god but god), prayer (5 times a day facing Mecca), fasting during Ramadan, zakat (tax for charity), and the hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

Golden Horde Khanate

-After Genghis Khan's death, the Mongol Empire was divided into four Khanates

-This was the Khanate (area controlled by a Khan) where the Mongols controlled Russia

-In the Khanate, there wasn't too much government structure; the __________________ would keep a large army around and often raid into Russia for food and suppliles

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

Khanates

Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Genghis Khan.

Aztec

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Terrace Farming

farming system in the form of steps going up the mountain, used by Inca

Neo-Confucianism

term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the Tang Dynasty

Mali

The kingdom in West Africa that followed the Kingdom of Ghana; its wealth is also based on trans-Saharan trade; this kingdom encouraged the spread of Islam.

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade.

Songhai

a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade by conquering Timbuktu and Jenne; defeated by group of Moroccan Muslims who used guns (tech unseen before by Songhai ar

Roman Catholic Church

Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the pope.

Song Dynasty

(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.

Footbinding

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.

Chinampas

floating farming islands made by the Aztec

Patriarchal Society

Society in which men are the head of their families and are considered to have more power

Five Key Relationships

taught by Confucianists: father to son, ruler to subject, husband to wife, older brother to younger brother, friend to friend

Each relationship has a superior who protects/cares for and a subordinate who obeys/respects-- except for friend-to-friend which is equal

Marco Polo

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Ankor Wat

Built during the Khmer Empire in the capital of Angkor Thom, Hindu temple, shows the spread of Hinduism in SE Asia