Orthopedics Skeletal system

skeletal system

supports body and structures include connective tissue of bones

axial skeleton

bones of skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage

appendicular skeleton

bones of shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs and feet

Bone tumor

osteoma (benign), osteosarcoma (malignant of osteoblasts), Ewing sarcoma (malignant)

oste/o

bone

osteoma

benign growth

Epiphyses

enlarged ends of bone

Diaphysis

shaft of bone

cortical bone

dense outer layer that provides strength

cancellous bone

spongy internal bone with marrow filled spaces

medullary cavity

hallow space in the shaft containing primarily yellow marrow

osteosarcoma

malignant growth of osteoblasts

ewing sarcoma

malignant growth in young adults are children

sarc/o

connective tissue

-blast

developing cell

chondroma

benign tumor of the cartilage

chondr/o

cartilage

malac/o

softening

Chondromalacia patellae

Softening and deterioration of the cartilage on the underside of the patella (kneecap). From injury, or improper alignment

Fracture (FX)

A break in a bone caused by injury, repetitive stress or underlying disease. stress fracture, pathologic fracture

stress fracture

a small crack in bone caused by repetitive loading or overuse

pathologic fracture

a break in a bone weakened by a disease such as osteoporosis

malunion

fracture that heals in abnormal position or alignment

comminuto/o

break into small pieces

depress/o

press down

compress/o

press together

osteomalacia

Softening of bones caused by inadequate mineralization, most commonly due to vitamin D deficiency. causes bone weakness, pain and incr risk of fractures

osteomyelitis

Infection and inflammation of bone tissue and bone marrow caused by bacteria

myel/o

bone marrow

osteoporosis

condition in which bone breakdown exceeds bone formation, resulting in decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures

pectus excavatum

a congenital chest wall deformity in which the sternum is displaced inward, creating a sunken or funnel-shaped appearance of the chest

pectus

chest, breast

excavatum

caved in, hallowed out, sunken

kyphosis

abnormal posterior curvature of thoracic spine, humpback

kyph/o

bent, humpbacked

lordosis

abnormal anterior curvature of lumbar spine, swayback

lord/o

swayback

scoliosis

abnormal C- or S-shaped lateral curvature of the spine, dextroscoliosis- right side, levoscoliosis- left side

ankylosing spondylitis

Chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the spine, causing pain and stiffness. Can lead to fusion of vertebrae, reducing spinal flexibility and mobility.

ankylos

bent, stiff, fused

spondyl/o

vertebra

spondyloisthesis

one vertebra slips forward over the vertebra below it, causing misalignment of the spine. Causes pain stiffness or nerve compression

-listhesis

slipping, displacement

Genu Valgum

knees angle inward toward bodys midline, knock knees

genu

knee

valgum

angled outward (distal segment)

Genu Varum

knees angled outward away from the body's midline, bowlegs

varum

angled inward (distal segment)

hallux

big toe

valgus

outward angulation or deviation

Hallux valgus

Deformity in which the big toe angles toward the other toes, causing a bunion at the base of the big toe. cause pain and swelling

Talipes

foot/ankle deformity

equino

hourse like; heel elevated foot pointed downward

varus

turned inward

Talipes equinovarus

Congenital foot deformity in which the foot is turned inward and downward often with the heel elevated

joints (articulations)

locations where two or more bones meet

Suture joints

Immovable joints found between the bones of the skull

symphysis joints

slightly movable joints

synovial joints

freely moveable joints

Cartilage

connective tissue that provides cushioning and support within joints

ligaments

strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bone to bone

arthralgia

pain in the joint due to injury inflammation or infection

alg/o

pain

arthr/o

joint

arthropathy

general term for disease of the joint

dislocation

Complete displacement of a bone from its normal position within a joint, from trauma or developmental conditions.

Gout

form of inflammatory arthritis caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints, causing pain, redness, and swelling, affects base of the big toe.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the joints. The body's antibodies attack cartilage and tissue.

rheuma-

watery flow

osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease in which articular cartilage gradually breaks down, causing joint pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. Bone rubs on bone.

sprain

overstretching or tearing of ligaments around a joint

subluxation

partial dislocation with slight displacement of bone ends from the joint.

sub-

partial

luxat/o

dislocation, displacement

Torn meniscus

a tear in the cartilage pad in the knee joint because of an injury

meniscus

crescent-shaped

hemarthrosis

accumulation of blood within a joint cavity usually caused by blunt trauma or penetrating injury

Rheumatoid factor (RF)

blood test that detects rheumatoid factor, an autoantibody associated with rheumatoid arthritis

Uric acid

blood test that measures uric acid levels to help evaluate patients with suspected gout

X-ray

diagnose fractures, dislocations and bone tumors.

Bone density tests

measure bone mineral density (BMD) to diagnose osteoporosis and assess fracture risk. DEXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry), QCT (Quality computerized tomography)

Cast

a layer of plaster of fiberglass applied around a fractured bone to immobilize the bone as it heals

closed reduction

a procedure in which the displaced ends of a fractured bone are manually realigned without surgery

goniometry

procedure that uses a goniometer to measure joint angles and assess a joints range of motion (ROM)

goni/o

angle

Orthosis

an orthopedic device such as a brace or splint used to support, stabilize or correct the position of a body part

physical therapy (PT)

treatments using therapeutic exercises and other techniques to improve mobility, strength, balance or function

Traction

application of a controlled pulling force to align or stabilize bones and joints

prosthesis

artificial device that replaces a missing body part

prosth/o

artificial part

analgesics

treat pain associated with bone injury or surgery

bone resorption inhibitors

prevent osteoclasts from breaking down bone to treat osteoporosis

corticosteriods

decrease severe inflammation

gold compound drugs

inhibits immune response used to treat rheumatoid arthritis

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs)

treat inflammation and pain from osteoarthritis and orthopedic injury

alges/o

pain

amputation

removal of all or part of an extremity damaged by trauma or disease

arthrocentesis

removal of accumulated fluid from a injured joint using a needle inserted in the joint space

-centesis

procedure to puncture

arthrodesis

fusion of bones in a deteriorated unstable joint