Biodiversity Test 4 Compare and Contrast Terms Elon University - Kingston

I put the study guide into claude and it gave me 3 sets of flashcards, this is one of them. Study hard soldier

Roots vs. rhizomes

Roots are underground organs for anchorage/absorption with no nodes or leaves; rhizomes are horizontal underground STEMS with nodes, buds, and scale leaves

Rhizomes (e.g., ginger, iris, ferns) are modified stems; they can sprout new shoots and roots from nodes.

Monocots vs. eudicots: cotyledons, leaf veins, flowers, vasculature, roots

Monocots: 1 cotyledon, parallel veins, floral parts in 3s, scattered vascular bundles, fibrous (adventitious) roots. Eudicots: 2 cotyledons, net veins, parts in 4s or 5s, vascular bundles in a ring, taproot

Also: eudicots have tricolpate pollen (3 apertures) and can have secondary growth; monocots have monosulcate pollen (1 aperture) and generally lack secondary growth.

Primary xylem vs. secondary xylem

Primary comes from the apical meristem (procambium) and is found in the bundle in young tissue; secondary comes from the vascular cambium, forms wood, and is arranged in concentric growth rings

Primary xylem is pushed to the center as secondary xylem accumulates around it.

Primary phloem vs. secondary phloem

Primary comes from procambium (apical meristem) and is crushed/non-functional as the stem grows; secondary comes from the vascular cambium (outward) and is part of the inner bark

Secondary phloem is made to the outside of the vascular cambium; secondary xylem to the inside. Phloem layers are thin since they get crushed.

Monocot vs. eudicot SHOOT cross-sections

Monocot: vascular bundles scattered throughout ground tissue, no distinct pith/cortex. Eudicot: bundles in a ring with pith inside and cortex outside; xylem inside, phloem outside in each bundle

Eudicot bundles often contain vascular cambium between xylem and phloem; monocot bundles do not.

Primary vs. secondary (lateral) meristems

Primary (apical) meristems at shoot/root tips produce primary growth (length); lateral meristems (vascular cambium, cork cambium) produce secondary growth (girth)

Primary meristems give rise to protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium.

Phenotypic plasticity (sun leaves vs. shade leaves)

The ability of one genotype to produce different phenotypes in different environments: sun leaves are smaller, thicker, with more layers of palisade; shade leaves are larger, thinner, with more surface area to capture light

Same plant can have both types depending on light exposure.

Bark vs. cork

Bark = ALL tissues outside the vascular cambium (secondary phloem, cork cambium, cork); cork = only the outer protective dead cells produced by the cork cambium

Cork cells are waterproofed with suberin.

Stratification vs. scarification vs. double dormancy

Stratification = cold/moist treatment; scarification = breaking/abrading the seed coat; double dormancy = a seed needs BOTH (e.g., a hard seed coat plus an embryo requiring chilling)

Double dormancy seeds need scarification and stratification in order.

Monoecious vs. dioecious

Monoecious = separate male and female flowers on the SAME plant (e.g., corn, oak); dioecious = male and female flowers on DIFFERENT plants (e.g., holly, willow)

Dioecy is a strong outcrossing mechanism.

Perfect vs. imperfect flowers

Perfect = both stamens and carpels in the same flower; imperfect = only stamens OR only carpels (staminate or carpellate)

Don't confuse with complete (has sepals, petals, stamens, AND carpels) vs. incomplete.

Slime molds vs. tubulinids vs. entamoebas

Slime molds (plasmodial and cellular) form fruiting bodies and are free-living decomposers; tubulinids are free-living naked or tube-shaped amoebas (e.g., Amoeba) that engulf prey; entamoebas are anaerobic parasites/commensals in animal guts with no mitochondria (e.g., E. histolytica)

All are Amoebozoa and use pseudopodia.

Unikonta vs. Bikonta

Unikonta (Amoebozoa + Opisthokonta): ancestrally one flagellum/centriole; Bikonta (the rest: Archaeplastida, SAR, Excavata): ancestrally two flagella; the split is based on molecular data and a gene fusion

Unikonta (one) vs. Bikonta (two). Plants are Bikonta; animals and fungi are Unikonta.

Amoebozoa vs. Opisthokonta

Amoebozoa use lobe-shaped pseudopodia (amoebas, slime molds); Opisthokonta have a single posterior flagellum ancestrally (animals, fungi, choanoflagellates)

Both are in Unikonta, sister to each other.