Multicellular Organisms upto 3.3

What is the process by which cells become specialized through gene expression?

Cell differentiation.

How are cells in a multicellular organism genetically related?

Cells in a multicellular organism are genetically identical.

What does gene expression lead to in multicellular organisms?

Gene expression leads to specialization of cells.

What are chromosomes responsible for in relation to specialized cells?

Chromosomes contain hundreds of genes that encode the production of protein molecules, which give cells specialized structure and function.

What happens to genes in response to external/internal signals?

Genes are switched on and off in response to these signals.

What is meant by differential gene expression?

It is the difference in gene expression that leads to different cell types.

What is the example of a gene exclusively expressed in beta cells of the pancreas?

INS gene that encodes protein insulin.

What type of cells express a very small fraction of their genes?

Highly differentiated cells, such as muscle and nerve cells.

What triggers the development of specialized cells from stem cells?

Chemical factors in their environment trigger a unique pattern of gene expression.

What defines a stem cell?

An unspecialized/undifferentiated cell capable of mitosis, that can differentiate into specialized cell types.

What type of tissue is responsible for covering surfaces in vertebrate bodies?

Epithelial tissue.

Name the four types of epithelial tissue.

Simple, stratified, pseudostratified, glandular.

What is the function of connective tissue?

To stabilize, bind, and support other tissues.

List the three types of muscle tissue.

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue.

What type of cells make up nervous tissue?

Neurons and glia.

What are the three types of plant tissue?

Dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.

What is the primary organ for photosynthesis in plants?

Leaves.

What is the role of the circulatory system in gas exchange?

To circulate tissue fluid between cells and facilitate rapid exchange of materials.

What do gills in aquatic animals facilitate?

Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What is passive diffusion?

The process of gas exchange that does not require additional input of energy.

What maintains gas concentration gradients in lungs?

Constant blood flow through capillaries.

What is the function of breathing?

To maintain high oxygen and low carbon dioxide concentration at gas exchange surfaces.