Production Processes Exam 2

What are the 4 Departments of Cinematography?

• Cinematographer/DP (Head. Oversees other 3)

• The Camera Department

• The Electric Department

• The Grip Department

What does the Camera Operator do?

• Handles the movement of the camera

• Pan, tilt, zoom, coordinating movements with grip

• Part of the Camera Department

What does the 1st AC do?

• Setting T-Stop, measuring focus, camera settings, cleaning , maintenance keeping things in order, troubleshooting malfunctions, checking and marking rolls, mount magazine on camera body, A person of rituals!!

• Part of the Camera Department

What does the 2nd AC do?

• Slatting

• Slatter and runner for lens change, filters, other camera gear. Charges batteries. Maintains and moves camera cart, maintains camera report. Assists with focus marking

• Part of the Camera department

What does the Loader/Data Wrangler do

• Loads and unloads film magazines, labels magazines, cleans magazines, labels cards or cans, checks data integrity, backup and archiving, formatting cards

• Part of the Camera department

What does the Digital Imaging Technician do?

• A second pair of eyes for the DP, maintaining look, remote control, setting and adjusting LUTs, checking color science

• Part of the Camera Department

Who is in the Camera Department?

Camera Op, 1st AC, 2nd AC, Loader/Data Wrangler, DIT

What Does the Gaffer/Chief Lighting Technician do?

• Implements the lighting plan. Takes orders form DP (and collaborates) to solve problems, coordinates and communicates plans to the rest of the electric department. Stays near DP

• Part of the Electric Department

What does the Best (Boy) Electric/Assistant Chief Lighting Technician do?

• Maintain and oversee all equipment, supervise everything to do with electricity, distribute electricity, directly supervise the crew.

• Part of the Electric Department

What do Electricians do?

• Manipulate light, relay and secure cables, juicer

• Part of the Electric Department

Who is in the Electric Department?

• Gaffer, Best Electric, Electricians

What does the Electric Department do?

Add Light

What does the Camera Department do?

Camera Operation

What does the Grip Department do?

Cut Light and Rig Everything

What does the Key Grip do?

• Supervises grip department. Implements the lighting plan. Collaborates on rigging plans with gaffer and camera department, and relays it to her team.

• Part of the Grip Department

What does the Best (Boy) Grip/Second Grip do?

• Maintain and oversee all grip equipment, supervise everything to do with rigging, directly supervise the crew

• Part of the Grp Department

What do Grips do?

• Actually finish the assigned gripping tasks

• set up c-stands, flags, sandbags, etc. Rigging car-mounts in coordination with camera department.

• Balancing, stabilizing, securing of equipment wherever needed. Setting up apple boxes. In charge of safety.

• Does not touch electric equipment

What do Dolly Grips do?

• Setup dollys and crane

Who is in the Grip Department?

Key Grip, Best Grip, Dolly Grip, Grips

How do you Calculate Amperage?

Amps = Watts/Volts

What is Gauge?

• The Thickness of a conductor

• The higher the gauge, the less amps you can use

  • Higher gauge = thinner wire = more resistance = less amps can be handled

What is 4k Resolution and Aspect Ratio?

4096 × 2160 pixels and 1.85:1

What is UHD, its resolution and its aspect ratio?

Ultra High Definition, 3840 x 2160 pixels and 16:9 (or 1.78:1)

What is 2k Scope Resolution and Aspect Ratio

2048 x 858 pixels, 2.39:1

What is 2k Flat (or Alternate) Resolution and Aspect Ratio?

1998 x 1080 pixels, 1.85:1

What is HD, its resolution and aspect ratio?

High Definition,1920 x 1080 pixels, and 16:9

What is HD Alternate Resolution and Aspect Ratio?

1280 x 720 pixels, 16:9

What is SD NTSC, its resolution and aspect ratio?

Standard Definition National Television System Committee, 720 x 486 pixels, 4:3

What is SD PAL, Its resolution and aspect ratio?

Standard Defintion Phase Alternating Line720 x 576 4:3

What is the difference between SD NTSC and SD PAL?

• PAL operates at 50hz and NTSC operates at 60hz

• In the US, we use NTSC

What is the Frame Rate for Animation and TV?

24 FPS

What is the Frame Rate for Broadcasting Outside the USA and Canada?

25 FPS

What is the Frame Rate for TV and Broadcasting Inside the USA and Canada?

29.97 FPS

What is the Frame Rate for Streaming?

30 FPS

What is the Frame Rate for Slo-Mo and Games?

40 FPS

What is the Frame Rate for Youtube and Sports Broadcasting?

50 FPS or 60 FPS (50 is Most likely for youtube)

What Voltage does the US run at? Why do we assume that this number is actually lower?

120V (240V everywhere else). Incase it has faulty wiring; we want to leave a header

What is Interlaced?

When alternating rows of pixels flash an image, then our mind glues the alternating flashes together to form the image. Abbreviated as “i”

What is Progressive?

When all the pixels of an image flash, forming the full image without our brain needing to do anything. Abbreviated as “p”

Why would someone choose Interlaced or Progressive and Vise Versa?

Because interlaced sends half as many images, it is cheaper to use. Progressive sends a better quality image.

What is Realistic Motion?

180 degree shutter Angle ~ Emulates Human persistence of Vision and Resulting blur

How do you calculate Shutter Speed?

Shutter Angle/(360 degrees x Frame Rate)

What does a smaller shutter angle do?

Lets in less light and creates more motion blur

What is the difference between a Physical and Digital shutter?

Physical has a shutter that blocks the sensor and digital uses code to turn it on and off

What is the difference between Rolling and Global Shutter

• Rolling scans rows of pixels to capture an image. Can cause the jelly effect

• Global captures all pixels at once. More expensive, but better image

What is ISO?

International Standards Organization. Measures light sensitivity. The setting at which a sensor functions optimally for a particular digital camera

What is ASA?

American Standards Association. A form of ISO

What Standards does ISO combine?

ASA and DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung) standards

What is the difference between Film Stock ISO and Digital ISO?

Film Stock ISO is constant, Digital can be changed

What happens if the ISO is too high?

The image becomes grainy

What is the difference between Fresnel and Open Faced Lights

• Fresnel have a glass lens. Their light evenly fades

• Open doesn’t have anything in front of the light. Light fades in “rings”

Why do we white balance?

To correctly capture skin tone

How do you white balance for Docs and for Fiction?

Match camera to light for Docs, Match camera to camera for fiction

What Kelvin is Daylight? What Kelvin is Tungsten?

• 5600K and Bluish/Cold (Daylight)

• 3200K and Yellowish/Warm (Tungsten)

• If your camera doesn’t match the light, the subject will either look warm or cold depending on the light. If the light and camera match, the subject look natural

What is the F-Stop Formula?

F-Number (N) = Focal length (f) / Diameter (d)

What are the F-Stops?

1, 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11.2, 16, 22.4

If you open the aperture by 1 stop, what happens? What about closing by 1?

• When you open, Aperture gets bigger, f-stop decreases, more light enters the lens

• When you close, aperture gets smaller, f-stop increases, less light enters the lens

What is the difference between F-stop and T-stop

About how much light should be let in vs how much light actually enters the lens

What is Depth of Feild?

The distance between the nearest and farthest objects that appear acceptably shot

What is the Circle of Least Confusion?

The point of minimized blur within a shot

What is depth of focus?

The range within which the film or sensor can be moved without changing focus

What are the Effects of Zoom?

Can change depth of field, focus and composition

What does ND filter mean? What are ND filters?

• Neutral Density Filter

• Glass filters that cut light by a measurable amount without affecting color

What do Variable ND filters do?

Allow control over the strength of light reduction

What is Focal Length?

the distance between the lens and the image sensor when the subject is in focus

What is FOV?

Whatever is visible to the camera. The smaller the mm, the bigger the FOV

What is the difference between Zoom and Prime Lenses?

Zoom lenses can change focal length, Prime Lenses cannot, but have sharper images

How do you know if something is correctly exposed?

The image is clearly visible, even lighting

What is Chrominance and Luminance?

• Color

• Tone/Brightness

What is Middle Grey?

18%. The middle stop in grey scale

What is Munjal’s Skin Tone Priority Exposure Method?

• It tells you how to expose diverse skin tones with equal importance

• Take someone’s reading, then open aperture by a stop

What is the Key light?

The brightest light

How does waveform work?

• Pixel location on the x-axis, brightness on the y-axis

• Black pixels are above 7.5 IRE and White pixels are below 90 IRE

• Munjal’s Favorite

How does histogram work?

• Brightness on the x-axis, Number of pixels on the y-axis

• Basically useless, only used for spotting clipping (white pixels are too bright to be seen) or crushing (black pixels are too dark to render)

How does Zebra work?

• Pixel location on both X and Y axis

• The stripes are versatile; they can appear on what is properly exposed or have it be for what is about to clip