CH. 7 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

What are the 3 functions of the respiratory system?

1. Delivers air to the lungs

2. Expels the waste products

3. Produces the airflow

What consists of the upper respiratory tract?

• Nose

• Mouth

• Pharynx

• Epiglottis

• Larynx

• Trachea

What consists of the lower respiratory tract?

• Bronchial tree

• lungs

What makes speech possible?

The larynx

What is the wall of cartilage that divides the nose?

Nasal septum

What are the thin hairs located just inside the nostril?

Cilia

What are the specialized tissues that line the nose?

Mucous membranes

What is the slippery secretion produced by the mucous membranes?

Mucus

Nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell

Olfactory receptors

What is also called the palatine tonsils? Where are they located?

Tonsils, the back of the mouth

What is also called the nasopharyngeal tonsils? Where are they?

Adenoids, behind the nose and roof of the mouth

What are the three functions of the paranasal sinuses?

1. Make the bones of the skull lighter

2. Help produce sound by giving resonance to the voice

3. Produce mucus to provide lubrication for the tissues of the nasal cavity

Where are the frontal sinuses located?

They are located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows

Where are the spenoid sinuses located?

They are located in the sphenoid bone behind the eye

Where are the maxillary sinuses located?

They are located in the maxillary bones under the eyes

Where are the ethmoid sinuses located?

They are located in the ethmoid bones between the nose and eyes

What is commonly known as the throat and receives air after it passes through the nose or mouth, as well as food?

Pharynx

Is used only by the respiratory system for the transport of air, also known as the first level of the pharynx

Nasopharynx

What is shared by both respiratory and digestive systems; transports air, food, and fluids?

Oropharynx

What part of the pharynx is also shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems?

Laryngopharynx

Is known as the voice box, a triangular chamber, and is located between the pharynx and trachea

Larynx

AKA the Adam’s apple

thyroid cartilage

Where can the vocal cords be found?

In the larynx

What prevents food or liquid from going up into the nose?

Soft palate

What prevents food from entering the trachea and lungs?

Epiglottis

What is commonly known as the windpipe?

Trachea

What are the smallest branches of the bronchi called?

bronchioles

Also known as air sacs, and are very small grapelike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole

Alveoli

During respiration, alveoli produce a detergent-like substance known as-

surfactant

What is the middle section of the chest cavity called?

The Mediastinum

Pleura

Thin, moist, and slippery membrane; covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity

Parietal pleura

Outer layer; lines walls of thoracic cavity

Visceral pleura

Inner layer; lines walls of thoracic cavity

Pleural cavity (pleural space)

Thin, fluid-filled space between parietal and visceral pleural membranes

Dome-shaped sheet of muscle; separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen

Diaphragm

These nerves help stimulate the diaphragm, causing it to contract

Phrenic nerves

Act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward

Inhalation

Act of breathing out

Exhalation

Bringing air in and out of lungs; exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide

External respiration

Exchange of gases within the cells of the blood and tissues

Internal respiration (cellular respiration)

What is the term for group of lung diseases?

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Disease in which the airways have become inflamed

Chronic broncitis

Progressive, long-term loss of lung function

Emphysema

Chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes; often triggered by an allergic reaction

Asthma

Characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing

Asthma attack

Swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus

Airway inflammation

Contraction of the smooth muscle walls of the bronchi and bronchioles

Bronchospasm

Narrowing of the airways that develops after 5-15 minutes of physical exertion

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction

Among terms describing the common cold; caused by any one of the 200 different viruses

Upper respiratory infections (URI) and acute nasopharyngitis

Allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus

Allergic rhinitis (allergy)

An inflammation of the lining of the nose caused by something other than an allergen, such as cold air, spicy food, or medication

Nonallergic rhinitis

Acute respiratory infection in children and infants; obstruction of the larynx, hoarsness, and swelling around the vocal cords resulting in a barking cough and stridor

Croup

Bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure

Epistaxis

Acute, highly contagious viral infectoin; most commonly in epidemics during the colder months

Influenza

Contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract

Pertussis (whooping cough)

Common, highly contagious viral infection spread by respiratory droplets; can be bronchiolitis in younger children and infants; may require hospitalization

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Inflammation of the bronchioles

Bronchiolitis

Watery flow of mucus from the nose

Rhinorrhea

Inflammation of the sinuses

Sinusitis

Inflammation of the pharynx; often a symptom of a cold, flu, or sinus infection. It’s also caused by the bacteria Streptococcus

Pharyngitis (sore throat)

Sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx; sometimes associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Laryngospasm

Loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds

Aphonia

Any impairment in vocal quality; hoarseness, weakness, cracking of a boy’s voice during puberty

Dysphonia

Inflammation of the larynx; commonly used to describe voice loss caused by this inflammation

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the bronchi usually caused by a viral infection; characterized by a productive cough (brings up mucus or phlegm), shortness of breath, and often wheezing and a low-grade fever

Acute bronchitis (chest cold)

Permanent thickening of the walls of the bronchi; caused by chronic infection and inflammation

Bronchiectasis

Excessive discharge of watery mucus from the bronchi; often caused by chronic bronchitis or asthma

Bronchorrhea

Inflammation of the pleura (membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity)

Pleurisy (pleuritis)

Sharp chest pain; occurs when inflammed pleural membranes rub against each other with inhalation

Pleurodynia

Excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space; produces a feeling of breathlessness because it prevents the lung from fully expanding

Pleural effusion

Precense of pus in the pleural cavity resulting from a bacterial infection

Pyothorax (pleural empyema)

Collection of pus in any body cavity

Empyema

Collection of blood in the pleural cavity; results from chest trauma or caused by disease or surgery

Hemothorax

Accumulation of air in the pleural space; causes full or partial lung collapse

Pneumothorax

Caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes, inhaled vomit, or sepsis; inflammation in the lungs and fluid in the alveoli lead to low levels of oxygen in the blood

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung; blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax

Atelectasis (collapsed lung)

Localized area of inflammation, usually in the lungs

Granuloma

Accumulation of fluid in lung tissues

Pulmonary edema

Sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region

Pulmonary embolism

Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most commonly in individuals with immune systems weakened by another condition.

Tuberculosis (TB)

Occurs when prescribed drug regimen is not strictly followed

Drug-resistant tuberculosis

Inflammation of the lungs; alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other fluids. Most commonly follows a cold, flu, chronic illness, or other condition. It also weakens the immune system and its ability to stave off infection

Pneumonia (PNA)

Localized form of pneumonia; often affects the bronchioles. It is a bacterial pneumonia

Bronchopneumonia

Lobar pneumonia involving both lungs

Double pneumonia

A pneumonia that often includes one or more sections, or lobes

Lobar pneumonia

A pneumonia that occurs when a foreign substance is inhaled into the lungs

Aspiration pneumonia

A pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)

A pneumonia that is milder but a longer-lasting form caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Mycoplasma pneumonia

A pneumonia caused by a yeast-like fungus

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP or PJP)

An pneumonia caused by viruses; accounts for a third of all pneumonias

Viral pneumonia

Group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli. Example: pulmonary fibrosis

Interstitial lung disease

Fibrosis caused by prolonged environmental or occupational contact. Examples: asbestosis(asbestosis particles in the lungs) and silicosis (inhaled silica dust)

Pneumoconiosis

Genetic disorder: lungs and pancreas clogged with abnormally thick mucus; results in damage to the lungs, poor growth, and nutritional deficiencies. Common symptoms include wheezing and a persistent cough

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

Cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung; important risk factors: smoking and inhaling secondhand smoke

Lung cancer

Easy or normal breathing

Eupnea

Temporary absence of spontaneous respiration

Apnea

Abnormally slow rate of respiration; usually less than 10 breaths per minute; opposite of tachypnea

Bradypnea

Irregular pattern of breathing; alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by a slower respiration or apnea

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Abnormally rapid rate of respiration; usually more than 20 breaths per minute; opposite of bradypnea

Tachypnea

Breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, enough to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels. Snoring is a symptom.

Sleep apnea