PSYCH110 FINAL EXAM

defense mechanisms

protect the ego against guilt from the superego

repression

defense mechanism that keeps unpleasant thoughts or feelings below consciousness

rationalization

accepting a thought but justifying it

denial

contradicting an obvious truth or reality

dissociation

detachment from reality

Psychodynamic theory

the idea of mental forces and that there are underlying unconscious forces that influence our personality; includes the Id, Superego, and Ego

Sigmund Freud

father of psychodynamic theory

displacement

redirection of an unacceptable impulse

intellectualization

overthinking a situation based on logical rather than emotion

sublimation

translating an unacceptable impulse into a positive activity

projection

denying a thought and experiencing it as though it has originated in another individual

reaction formation

behaving as if feelings are opposite of what they actually are

compensation

focusing on only the positives of a situation

Carl Rogers

came up with the Ideal Self vs Real Self theory, otherwise known as the Humanistic Approach

Self-actualization

The goal of the humanistic approach

behaviorism

B.F. Skinner’s theory that all behavior is based on the learning of associations

social cognitive theory

Similar to behaviorism, but the individual is active in strengthening or weakening learned associations to form personality

Gordon Allport

posed that personality traits have degrees of strength

cardinal trait

dominates an individual’s personality

central traits

basic building blocks forming the basis of personality

secondary trait

trait only seen in particular circumstances

Allport’s Approach

essentially any descriptive word can be used as a personality trait

Raymond Cattell

defined personality by 16 traits (16PF traits) on which an individual could score high or low

The “Big Five” personality traits

Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

Francis Galton

the founder of eugenics: scientifically breeding humans to enhance future generations

Simon and Binet

defined intelligence as direction, adaptation, and criticism and tested intelligence based on Mental Age

mental age

age level of intelligence successfully completed in Simon and Binet test

Terman

developed Stanford-Binet intelligence test

IQ (intelligence quotient)

(Mental age / chronological age) x100

as chronological age increased after a certain point, IQ decreased

problem with Stanford-Binet test

Weschler’s Deviation IQ

compared individuals on a standardized IQ test with average scores of people of the same age in the same country

test-retest reliability

the input for 2 different tests yields the same output

validity

a test successfully measures what it is supposed to measure

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory

theory that there are various forms of intelligence necessary for everyday life that are based on self-report and observation

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotion

fluid intelligence

ability to reason, problem-solve, adapt, and learn new things

crystallized intelligence

factual, vocabulary, and historical knowledge

Carroll’s Three-Tiered Model

General intelligence, basic intelligence, and specific abilities

basic intelligences based on Carroll’s model

fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, memory and learning, visual perception, auditory perception, retrieval ability, cognitive speed, processing speed

specific abilities

what is tested in order to determine basic intelligences in order to determine general intelligences

operationalization

turning a conceptual variable into a quantifiable variable

demand characteristics

the idea that behavior under watch is different from isolated behavior

double-blinded design

neither subjects nor researchers know the treatment given in an experiment; the most valid experimental design

Hamilton’s Rule

equation that determines likelihood of altruism; rB > C

r

probability of shared genes

B

reproductive benefit to recipient of altruism

C

reproductive cost to donor of altruism

2 factors of altruism

indirect fitness and reciprocal altruism

CNS

nervous system consisting of brain and spinal chord

100 billion

number of human neurons on average

resting potential, excitatory post-synaptic potential, depolarization, repolarization, refractory period, resting potential

order of action potential

excitatory post-synaptic potential

antagonizes the neuron until it reaches action potential

EEG

measures electrical activity in the brain

functional magnetic resonance imaging

measures how quickly oxygen is consumed by brain cells

position emission tomography

measures radioactive elements introduced to brain

triune brain hypothesis

back-to-front evolution from reptile to human brain

pituitary gland

responsible for endocrine system and hormones

cerebellum

responsible for coordination

medulla

responsible for breathing, digestion, heart rate

reticular formation

responsible for circadian rhythms

hindbrain

vital functions are controlled by the

hippocampus

responsible for survival instincts

amygdala

controls fear/general emotion/anxiety

hypothalamus

controls memory, retrieval, navigation

thalamus

controls the relaying of messages, sensory and motor relay

corpus callosum

crossover between left and right halves of brain

cingulategyrus

connects emotions to decisions

limbic system

hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and thalamus

frontal lobe

lobe responsible for complex thought and decisions

parietal lobe

lobe responsible for spacial and touch processing

occipital lobe

lobe responsible for visual cortex

temporal lobe

lobe responsible for auditory cortex, language, and memory

dialectical

how children incorporate new and conflicting info based on comparison

constructivist

children build understanding of world from birth

Jean Piaget

founder of theory of stages of cognitive development

1st sensory motor stage

birth-2 years, learning through action, movement, touch

2nd sensory motor stage

primary circular reactions and repetition (ex. kicking)

3rd sensory motor stage

secondary circular reactions, repetition with other objects or people (ex. rattle shaking)

4th sensory motor stage

development of object permanence

5th sensory motor stage

tertiary circular reactions, objects interacting with one another

6th sensory motor stage

memory, remembering where things are

pre-operational stage

age 2-7, animism, egocentrism, symbolism

concrete operational stage

age 7-12, making sense of present events, logical thinking

formal operational stage

age 12+, abstract thinking, creativity, complexity

Vgotsky theory of development

believed adults and external influences were crucial to child development

scaffolding

how much help an adult can provide for a child’s development

zone of proximal development

when an activity is too difficult for the child alone but can be completed successfully with adult help

neuroplasticity

ability for the brain to form new connections/synapses

top-down processing

expectation guides perception

bottom-up processing

information guides perception

iris

controls the size of the pupil

retina/optic nerve

detects image in the eye

rods

retina photoreceptor stimulated by any light

cones

retina photoreceptors stimulated by specific wavelengths/color perception

optic chiasm

where the right and left optic nerves cross over

left hemisphere

processes the left peripheral field and right central field

right hemisphere

processes the right peripheral field and left central field

outer ear

contains pinna, ear canal, and eardrum

middle ear

contains ossicle bones that amplify vibrations

inner ear

contains cochlea that does transduction