Respiration

SPA3101 Exam 1 Content

Inhalation

________: When the thoracic cavity expands (through active muscle contraction) lung volume increases (air molecules are less compressed- → negative subglottal pressure- → air flows into the lungs)

External Intercostals

________: rise from lower margin of one rib, run downward and forward to be inserted at the upper margin of the rib below.

Speech respiration

________: breathe in, increase volume, decrease pressure of air which is related to how long we can talk.

Vital capacity

________: the amount of air one can maximally exhale after a maximal inhalation (80 %)

abdominal muscles

Forced expiration: All expiratory /________ contract pushing against the diaphragm, which is raised.

Exhalation

________: When the thoracic cavity reduces size, lung volume decreases (air molecules are compressed- → positive subglottal pressure- → air flows out of the lungs)

External Oblique

________: one of the outermost abdominal muscles, extending from the lower half of the ribs around and down to the pelvis.

Protective Pleura

________: traumatic puncture results in the collapse of only one lung (pnuemothorax)

Diaphragm

________: makes up floor of thoracic cavity, separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity, most important muscle for inspiration.

internal intercostals

The ________ are the most important respiratory muscles for normal speech and singing, for they are the muscles that propel air out through the mouth and nose.

abdominal muscles

Forced Breathing: forcing air out of the lungs by contracting ________, forced exhalation.

Skeleton

The ________: The framework of the body, which consists of bones and cartilage.

Atlas

________: The 1st cervical vertebrae that the skull rests upon.

Diaphgram

________: lies between thoracic cavity above and abdominal region below.

lower tracts

The larynx divides the __ into __ upper and ________: airway; respiratory.

Trachea

________ breaks into two major stems: bronchi (which supply each side of the lung)

Lung volume

________ is increased, intrathoracic air pressure is decreased (less than the atmospheric pressure)

Vocal folds

________ serve as resistance to increase subglottal pressure.

Alveoli

________: Tiny air sacs found at the tips of bronchioles where we have the gas (air) exchange.

Interpleura space

________: Lines inner walls of thoracic cavity and lungs (Important in taking in air)

Passive exhalation

________: above the resting lung.

Quiet expiration

________: begins when gravity and elastic forces act upon the ribcage, decrease lung volume, increase intrathoracic pressure (more than the atmospheric pressure)

Mucous membrane

________: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

vertebral column

In humans, the ________ is: made up of 24 short segments of bone (vertebrae) and 2 larger pieces (the sacrum and coccyx)

cervical vertebrae

The 2nd ________: Where head rotations occurs; it is known as the axis.

Boyles

________ law: inverse relationship between pressure and volume given a constant temperature.

expiration

Active Breathing: in speech, controlled and prolonged ________ with rapid inspiration.

Friction

________ free in relation to pleura: lungs and thoracic surface.

Pleurisy

________: pain during inhalation, lack of moist gliding surfaces.

Lungs

________: Lie within thoracic cavity which is a protective framework.

Bronchi

________: tubes that go from the trachea to the lungs.

cilia

Smoke causes ________ to: not move and elevates mucous secretion.

Passive expiration

________ is accomplished by: nonmuscular forces (recoil forces)

Sternum Body

________: contains the articulatory notch for ribs 2- 7.

Suprasternal notch

________: lateral to this structure is the articulatory notch for the clavicle.

Inspiratory capacity

________: the amount of air that one can inhale from the reset position.

Larynx

________: Divides the airway into upper and low respiratory tracts.

External Oblique Function

________: pulls down the rib cage, lowers lung volume.

Tidal volume

________: the amount of air that one can inhale and exhale during passive breathing (20 %)

Quadratus Lumborum

________: the deepest back muscle and originates from the iliac crest and inserts on the transverse process of lumbar one through five and the lower part of the twelfth rib.

Passive Quiet

________: inhalation is active because muscles are contracting and exhalation is passive (gravitational + elastic forces)

Intercostal muscles

________: located between the ribs.

Total lung volume

________: the amount of air in the lungs after a maximum inhalation (100 %)

QL muscle

The ________ is flattened and has a quadrangular shape.

expulsion of carbon

Expiration: ________ dioxide through tract out into atmosphere.

Internal Oblique Function

________: pulls down the rib cage, decreases lung volume.

Serratur Posterior Inferior

________: originates from the spinous processes of the T11 to T12 thoracic vertebrae and has its insertion on the four lower ribs.

Central Tendon

________: location for other muscles to attach to the diaphragm.

Respiration Biological function

Exchanging gas in the body

Inhalation

air is taken through respiratory tract to lungs and held there until oxygen replaces carbon dioxide

Expiration

expulsion of carbon dioxide through tract out into atmosphere

Boyles law

inverse relationship between pressure and volume given a constant temperature

Speech respiration

breathe in, increase volume, decrease pressure of air which is related to how long we can talk

Respiratory Tract in descending order

nasal and oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Larynx

Divides the airway into upper and low respiratory tracts

The larynx divides the __ into __ upper and lower tracts

airway; respiratory

Trachea

16-20 horse shoe shaped rings (hyaline cartilage); incomplete in the back; lies directly next to the esophagus

It has three membranes

fibrous membrane (outer cover of the t-rings), intratracheal fibroelastic membrane (between the rings), mucous membrane (lies inside the rings)

Fibrous membrane

outer cover of the t-rings

Mucous membrane

lies inside the rings

Mucous membrane is comprised with

epithelial cells and contain cilia

The three trachea membranes

fibrous, intratracheal fibroelastic membrane, mucous membrane

Trachea has shaped rings

16-20 horse shoe shaped hyaline cartilage

Trachea first cartilage attaches to the

larynx

Mucous membrane

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Cilia

Protective

Smoke causes cilia to

not move and elevates mucous secretion

Tracheotomy

Surgical incision 1cm below the cricoid cartilage (the first tracheal ring)

Cricoid cartilage

first tracheal ring

Tracheostoma

opening in trachea

Bronchi

tubes that go from the trachea to the lungs

Bronchi arborize

become the bronchial tree; bronchioles

Right bronchi is larger

why is this clinically significant

Visceral pleura

coats lung

Parietal (costal) pleura

coats thoracic cavity

Interpleura space

Lines inner walls of thoracic cavity and lungs (Important in taking in air)

Friction free in relation to pleura

lungs and thoracic surface

Pleurisy-

pain during inhalation, lack of moist gliding surfaces

Pleurisy

pain during inhalation, lack of moist gliding surfaces

Protective Pleura

traumatic puncture results in the collapse of only one lung (pnuemothorax)

If we took the lungs out of the body they would

collapse and the thorax would expand

The pulling forces between the interlining of the thorax and the outlining of the lungs keeps them

together (intrapleural pressure)

The Skeleton

The framework of the body, which consists of bones and cartilage

The vertebral column

The main axis of the skeleton

In humans, the vertebral column is

made up of 24 short segments of bone (vertebrae) and 2 larger pieces (the sacrum and coccyx)

Sacrum

the 5 lower fused vertebrae

Coccyx

lies below the sacrum (3-4 vertebrae)

Framework of Respiratory System

Spinal Column, Pelvic Girdle, Thoracic region, Clavicle, Scapula

Scapula

Pectoral Girdle

Cervical vertebrae

makes up neck

The skull rests upon the

1st vertical vertebrae, which is known as the atlas

Atlas

The 1st cervical vertebrae that the skull rests upon

the 2nd cervical vertebrae

Where head rotations occurs; it is known as the axis

Axis

The 2nd cervical vertebra where head rotations occur

Suprasternal notch

lateral to this structure is the articulatory notch for the clavicle

Sternum Body

contains the articulatory notch for ribs 2-7

Sternum Xiphoid process

What is this landmark

There are pairs of ribs

12

Ribs are attached to the vertebrae

dorsally

Ribs 1-7

attached to the sternum via hyaline cartilage (ossification with age)