Medieval Welsh Vocabulary

bach

small

bendigeit

blessed

blwydyn

year

byrr

short

cassec

mare

kenedyl

people

kyuarwydyt

tale

kyflym

quick

kyfranc

tale

da

good

dyn

person

gwlat

country

gwledic

ruler

gwynn

white

hael

generous

hen

old

llaw

hand

llyma

behold

mawr

big

penn

head

rann

part

tat

father

trwm

heavy

y1

article the

y3

preposition to

y4

his

pryf

insect

twr

tower

llad

to kill

galw

to call

gwiscaw

to dress

kyuodi

to arise

caffael

to get

kerdet

to walk

adeilat

to build

paratoi

to prepare

llywyaw

to govern

gytsynnyawd

to agree

llanw

to fill

-eis, -eist, -wys, -assam, -assawch, -assant

preterite indicative

gallu

to be able

caru

to love

torri

to break

-at, -it, -et

impersonal preterite

bu marw

died

kymryt

to take

clybot

to hear

dywedyt

to say

adaw

to leave

erchi

to request

gorchymyn

to command

kychwyn

to set out

kynnal

to hold

yskynnu

to ascend

normal word order

starts with a finite verb, usually preceded by y2 (preverbal particle)

y’r

to the

abnormal word order

starts with item, followed by finite verb with preverbal particle a1 (when initial item is subject or object) or preverbal particle y2 (when initial word is adverb or prepositional phrase)

mynyd

mountain

nessa-

to approach

cawr

giant

adeilat

to build

colli

to lose

dygwydaw

to fall

dyd

day

gwelet

to see

gyrru

to drive

llywyaw

to rule

mur

wall

ymchoelyt

to turn

yna

then

pob

every

-wn, -ut, -ei, -em, -ewch, -ynt

imperfect indicative

perthyn

to belong

bot

to be

oed

imperfect consuetudinal of bot

byd-

consuetudinal past of bot

kynhelis

supported

coch

red

kyn + -et

equative simile

mor

equative simile

ryw

kind

oet

age

meint

size

pell

distant

-ach

comparative (more)

-af

superlative (most)

melyn

yellow

dewr

brave

tec

fair

agos = nesset, nes, nessaf

near

, llei, lleiaf

small

kynnar = , kynt, kyntaf

early

kystal, gwell, goreu

good

drycket/kyndrwc, gwaeth, gwaethaf

bad

hawd = hawsset, haws, hawssaf

easy

, hyn, hynaf

old

hir = kyhyt, hwy, hwyaf

long

, ieu, ieuaf

young

issel = isset, is, issaf

low