theriogeniology exam 1

What is a fetatome used for

Dead fetus disarticulation

What is this

Fetotome

What is this

Fetotome

What type of wire is inserted into the fetotome for a fetotomy

OB/Gigli wire

What is this

OB wire guides

What are OB wire guides used for

Guiding wire to appropriate area for disarticulation

What is this & what is it used for

Krey (OB) hook, used to grab fetal tissue and assist in r/m

What is this and what is it used for

Fetotomy/palm knife, used for fetal disarticulation (protects dam tissue by fitting into palm)

What is this and what is it used for

OB handles, placed into chain link when chain around fetal limbs to help pull it out

What is this and what is it used for

Head snare, it is a locking cable device placed around the head to pull out the fetus (it does NOT tighten around the head)

What is this

Eye hooks 🤢

What is this

OB forceps

What is this

Cornell detorsion rod (used to help rotate fetus/uterus in dystocia/uterine torsion)

How much psi does a calf jack exert

2000psi

What would these tools (buhner needle & umbilical tape) be used for

Purse-string placement in event of prolapse

What is wrong w this photo

Improper chain placement

Who initiates parturition

The fetus (increasing ACTH)

3 stages of parturition

1. Initiation of myometrial contractions (r/m of p4 block)

2. Expulsion of fetus

3. Expulsion of fetal membranes

Which hormone must drop for parturition to occur

P4

Which hormone rises as parturition nears

E2

define Fergusons reflex

Fetal rotation in stage 1 of parturition places pressure on the cervix/vaginal walls initiating uterine contraction & oxytocin release (further pushes fetus and the cycle continues)

Components of stage 2 of parturition (fetal expulsion)

• fetus enters cervical canal

• Rupture of chorioallantois

• Abdominal pushing

• Delivery

What is PPP in parturition

• Position

• Presentation

• Posture

Define position in terms of PPP

• anatomic relationship of the dorsum of the fetus relative to the maternal pelvis

  (Dorso-sacral/pubic/L ilial/R ilial)

Define posture in terms of PPP

• anatomic relationship of fetal extremities to its own body

  (Flexed, extended, retained - be specific about which joints)

Define presentation in terms of PPP

Relationship of spinal axis of fetus to that of dam and portion of fetus entering birth canal

(Longitudinal- cranial/caudal vs transverse- ventral/dorsal)

Normal PPP at parturition

Cranio-longitudinal, dorso-sacral, head & forelimbs extended

Common causes of dystocia

• feto-maternal mismatch

• Abnormal PPP

• multiple feti

• Fetal malformations

In a dog, is caudo-longitudinal presentation ok?

Yes (occurs ~40% of the time)

Primiparus (1st time mom) is more likely to have ___ than multiparus cows

Dystocia

Most likely species to experience dystocia

Cow

Least likely species to experience dystocia

Cat

Components of dystocia management

• PE

• Clean perineal area

• Vaginal exam ( assess fetal viability, #, size & PPP)

• develop delivery plan (assisted vaginal, c-section, Fetotomy)

• BE GENTLE, BE CLEAN, LUBE, LUBE, LUBE

Which lube is most appropriate to use in any dystocia

Methylcellulose lube

Which lube should be avoided in dystocia as it is fatal if introduced to the abd

J lube

What is a good indicator of proper fetal size

You can fit both arms inside vaginal canal with fetal head + forelimbs

2 considerations in epidural administration

1. Injection slowly (hanging drop technique)

2. Avoid repeat epidurals (choose drug wisely)

Which drugs/drug combos are most frequently used for epidurals

• lidocaine

• Xylazine

• Lidocaine + Xylazine

Onset & duration of a lidocaine epidural

5 min onset & 1.5 hour duration

Onset & duration of Xylazine

20-30 min onset, 2.5 hour duration

Onset & duration of lidocaine + Xylazine epidural

5 min onset, <5 hours duration

Epidural administration location

Most cranial moveable space (while moving tail up/down) - intercoccygeal/sacrococcygeal space (Co1-Co2)

Epidural needle insertion

Point bevel cranial with slight angle

Hanging drop technique used in epidural

Insert needle unmounted and slowly drop anesthetic from syringe into needle hub

Post epidural considerations

• move creature with extreme caution until effects wear off

• Turn out into paddock with good footing

Methods of delivery

• assisted vaginal (standing or laying)

• Controlled vaginal (anesthetized)

• C-section

• Fetotomy

In obstetrical management of dystocia, mutation refers to

Restoring fetus to deliverable fashion/PPP

In obstetrical management of dystocia, Repulsion refers to

Pushing fetus back into uterine cavity (allows more space for correction)

In obstetrical management of dystocia, Rotation refers to

Turning fetus along its longitudinal axis

In obstetrical management of dystocia, Version refers to

Turning fetus along its transverse axis (into cranial/caudal presentation)

Describe the PPP

Cranio-longitudinal, dorsosacral, R forelimb flexed @ the carpus

How can you fix a R forelimb flexion posture in a dystocia

Bring limb forward by moving it in a medial direction (protects uterus)

Describe this PPP

Craniomedial-longitudinal, dorsosacral, head extended + both forelimbs flexed at shoulders

Describe this PPP

Cranio-longitudinal, dorsosacral, head + forelimbs extended & hindlimbs flexed at hips

Describe this PPP

Cranio-longitudinal, dorsosacral, head flexed R & forelimbs extended

Describe this PPP

Caudolateral-longitudinal, dorsosacral, hindlimbs flexed at hips (breach)

Describe this PPP

Caudo-longitudinal, dorsopubic, hindlimbs extended

Describe this PPP

Caudo-longitudinal, dorsosacral, hindlimbs flexed at stifle & hock

describe this PPP

Dorsotransverse

How do you help prevent hiplock during bovine parturition

Rotate calf as head emerges

Components of a full Fetotomy

• (1) Decapitation/cervical amputation

• (2-3) amputation of forelimbs (usually at scapulohumeral junction)

• (4 ± 5) detruncation

• (6) division of pelvis (diagonally)

Gold standard of sperm concentration counting

Use hemacytometer to manually count

What occurs in the fetus that stimulates it to start parturition

Maturation of hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal (HPA) axis

Fetal ACTH causes release of corticoids from adrenal cortex which then activates what systems

Placental enzyme systems (decreases p4 & increases e2)

What other hormones are critical in initiation/process of parturition

• relaxin

• Prolactin

What ultimately kills horses with RFM

Acute laminitis

What component of an epidural is why we must clip hair prior to insertion

The stylet

Most common Fetotomy

Partial (anything that isn’t full cause why tf would you cut it 5-6x if you don’t have to)

Estrous cycle length in cows

17-24 days (non-seasonal polyestrus)

Day 0 of the estrous cycle is

Estrus (sexual receptivity)

What produces estrogen in cow

Follicles

Which hormone is highest in estrus

Estrogen

At what part of estrous cycle is estrogen peaked

Estrus

Steps of estrus cycle (in order)

1. Estrus

2. Metestrus

3. Diestrus

4. Proestrus

What occurs during metestrus

• ovulation of mature follicle!

• Formation of early CL (mature follicle cells become literal cells)

What does the corpus luteum secrete (formed in metestrus)

P4

The period of diestrus spans from __ to __

CL formation to luteolysis

Describe the hormones in proestrus

P4 decreases, E2 rises

When are cows bred (what part of estrous)

Estrus

Describe follicular wave 1 in cows

Follicles released during Metestrus (p4 is rising at this time so all will become atretic)

Describe follicular wave 2

Follicles released during diestrus (p4 @ peak so all will become atretic)

Describe follicular wave 3 in cows

Follicles released in proestrus (p4 on decline so dominant follicle will survive to ovulate)

How can cows have multiple follicular waves

FSH wax/wane throughout estrus

Which components of estrus cycle comprise follicular phase

Proestrus & estrus

Onset of puberty in cows depends on

Weight

At what % adult body weight do heifers enter puberty

50-65%

Pregnancy rate formula

PR = estrus detection rate x conception rate

Define estrus detection rate (EDR)

% cows eligible to be bred

Define conception rate

Confirmed pregnancies / total breedings/services

Describe the AM-PM rule for AI in dairy cows

• If estrus detected in the AM, breed cow in PM

• If estrus detected in PM, breed cow following AM

Describe estrus detection

Visualization of estrus behavior (mounting)

Define the voluntary waiting period (VWP) after parturition

time period post calving in which cow will not be bred (~45-65 days)

What does the VWP help improve

Conception rates

Define days to first service in dairy cow AI

VWP + how many days until bred for 1st time since calving (goal = 75 days)

Goal of 1st service conception rate

>40%

Services per conception goal

2.5

When days open are increased herd wide, what 4 things should you evaluate

• AI technique

• Semen quality/fertility

• Early embryonic death (EED)

• Estrus detection errors

How does milk production affect estrus detection

High milk producers have shorter estrus windows

List some estrus detection aids

• tail head pressure monitors (chalk/paint on tail head)

• Detector animals (teaser bulls/androgenized cows)

• Pedometer (more steps when in estrus)

Estrus synchronization does NOT increase

Fertility