rutherford final 200

The 30 years war ended with

the treaty of westphalia

The treaty of westphalia signaled

the begginning of the modern state system that states shape international law and centering soverighn equality

Peace of Westphalia

• ended 30 years war: the Habsburg states were defeated by protestants- division about religion and dynasty

• Religion was Catholicism

• central principle: terrirories ruler would determine its religion

The rise and fall of great powers lecture, which empire was not talked about. Zulu, Roman, Mongol, aztec/maya/inca

Non of the above

Zulu empire “scatterlings of africa

• defeated british empire

• stabbing dagger

• failes bc of hubris

• thought they shoulve conqured africa

• Tribes they were fighting joined british troops to fight the zulu

Roman empire

• first to develop iron shield

• owned world for 800 years

mongol empire

congueres china, thialand

compond bow and arrow and sturups horseback

created mobile weapon system

killed at distance

Why are WMD different than conventional weapons

• indiscriminate

• Potential for enormous damage, relative to cost and siz

• provide different forms of leverage in world politics

  • ex. cluster munitions, combat aitcraft, guns, grenades

Security dilemma

A sisuation where states increase their military spending to ensure their own security are percived as threats to the security of another state

FDR

A disabled president who keep his disability a secret from the public

Longest sitting president

What percentage of the worlds population is disabled

15%

Three factors contributing to Jordan becoming the first Arab state to have disability right laws

• education

• hashmite royal family

• tradition of openness and generosity

2006 Convention for the rights and dignity of disabled people (CRPD)

disabled people needed an international treaty to protect their rights

power projection

ability to use military force far from country

ex. send missile from LA to hit somone in sweden

weapon proliferation

spread of weapons from state to nonstate actors

vertical: more bio, chem, and nuc weapons

horizontal: more states getting weapons

chemical weapons convention

agreement that bans production and possession of chemical weapons and threatens sanctions against violators and nonparticipants

Weapons of mass destruction

nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, all distiguished from conventional weapons by their potential lethality and lack of discrimination

Non-proliferation Treaty

treaty that created a framework for controlling the spread of nuclear materials and expertise

collective security

formation of a broad alliance of most major actors ininternaitonal system for purpose of opposing agression by any actor

international regime

set of rules,norms, and procedures where expectations of actors coverage in a certain issue

prisoner’s dilemma

situation modeled by game theory where rational actors pursue individual interests all achive worse woutcomes than they could have by working together

5 structures of the UN

• Security council

• Secratarist

• General Assembly

• Economic and social issues

  • world back, WHO

• World court

universal declaration of human rights

Core document for human rights

it is not binding just gives guidelines

War crimes

violations of the law governing the conduct of warfare, such as the mistreatment of prisoners of war or the unnecessary targeting of civilians

crimes against humanity

category of legal offenses created at the Numemberg trials to encompass genocide and other acts committed by third reich (nazis)

3 Unlawful weapons & means of attack legal rules

1. Indiscriminate weapons & means of attack (targets anyone) (landmines)

2. Disproportionality (bomb building w/ 1 child vs. 1k soldiers)

3. Unnecessary suffering

1. weapons that cause unnecessary suffering or superfluous injury are illegal

2. weapons that are indiscriminate are illegal

3. disproportionate attacks are illegal

1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons - Landmine Protocol

Protocol I - banned bullets that can't be ID'd by x-ray (non-detectable fragments)

Protocol II - restricted use of mines & booby traps (must be mapped, marked w/ signs)

Protocol III - banned incendiary devices (flamethrowers)

Ebola

- SOURCE: bats & non-human primates

- spread via fluids

- high risk of death (25-90%) (avg. 50% die)

- signs & symptoms start between 2 days & 3 weeks after contracting

- vomiting, rash, diarrhea, internal bleeding, uncontrollable defecation

- most die from fluid loss

Covid 19 origin possibilities:

1. Infected bat bit a human which spread to others

2. A bat bit another animal that was being sold at a market & was consumed by humans

3. A lab that researches viruses in Wuhan had created it

Functionalist Theory

- Countries coming together, growth of specialized technical organizations across national borders

Neo-functionalism

- Cooperation on nonpolitical issues that turns into political cooperation

- Spillover effect

(Treaty of Rome 1957, European atomic energy community, Eurppean eco. community EEC, European parliament 1962)

Integration theory

- Process by which supranational institutions replace national ones. The gradual shifting upward of sovereignty from state to regional & global structures.

- can lead to internation integration, regional or global structures, or voluntarily choosing supranationalism

(World Trade Organization OPEC)

Supranational

Large organizations that subsume a number of states & functions within a larger whole

States voluntarily choose

- IGOs struggle between the contradictory forces of nationalism & supranationalism (state sovereignty vs. the higher authority of supranational structures)

Treaty of Rome 1957

Treaty that created the European Union. 6 member states created the EEC (EC) which made:

1. Free trade area (lifts tariffs & restrictions on movements of goods)

2. Customs union (participating states adopt unified set of tariffs)

3. Common market (labor & capital flow freely across borders)

4. Common agricultural policy (common market, at least in theory)

Maastricht Treaty 1992 (its challenges)

Committed to further integration in 3 areas:

1. Monetary union (made Euro)

2. Justice & home affairs

3. Political & military integration.

CHALLENGE: It was implemented more slowly & with fewer participating countries than originally hoped.

European Union & its challenges & Monetary Union

Institutional system that was 1 of a kind, democracy was its cornerstone, 500 million citizens, & very powerful.

- PROBLEMS: immigration, crime, disease, decision making procedures

The monetary union was difficult for its economic & political reasons which required equalization of Europe's economies.

Digital Divide

The gap in access to information technologies within countries.

Information as a tool AGAINST governments

Easier to gather, organize, store information, harder to hide information from other governments. Governments make explicit channels of information dissemination to influence domestic & international audiences.

Governments spread false information as a means of international influence: disinformation

Human development index

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

Sustainable development goals SDGs

United Nation goals setting targets for 17 basic needs to be achieved by 2030.

- undo poverty, end world hunger

Most important factors keeping people in extreme poverty:

1. Civil war

2. Corruption

3. Resource curse (oil)

4. Landlocked location without access to trade

Global South

Refers to the world's poor regions (less developed countries LDCs), (underdeveloped countries UDCs)

Biggest basic need = FOOD

Population movement categories

1. Migrants (regional, rural-urban, seasonal, transit, forced/induced, return)

2. Refugees

3. Asylum seekers

4. Displaced persons

5. Immigrant

Basic human needs

1. Healthcare (75% of world have about 30% of Dr.'s & nurses) (Meds are often unavailable)

2. Safe water (3/10 do not have safe drinking water)

3. Sanitation (4.5 billion do not have)

4. Shelter (1/6 are homeless or lives in substanding)

Remittances

Money sent home to relatives in the country of a migrant's origin.

- just transferred between families, helps states in global South

- gives poorer households more income

Pro / Anti Globalization

PRO: openness to foreign trade, investments, technology, facilitates migration, increases access to jobs, contributes to decline in inequality, & motivated work force. Good for the north vs. south gap.

ANTI: believes it's widening the gap between haves vs. have-nots, zero-sum game. "Economic temptress". Bad for north vs. south gap.

Causes of migration (Push vs. pull)

PUSH: bad governance, abuse of human rights, political oppression, corruption, forced resettlement, violence, rapid population growth, unemployment, poverty, natural disasters/climate change.

PULL: economic opportunities, higher wages, political & cultural freedom, healthy environment, family reunification

How does geography cause global inequality?

Land-locked countries, high transportation costs, distance from markets leads to inequality.

Does global inequality matter politically?

It limits political participation & prevent the building and proper functioning of impartial institutions. It enables the wealthy to refuse compromise, and there's a lack of transparency.

The 4 Economic Tigers

1. South Korea

2. Singapore

3. Hong Kong

4. Taiwan

GDP (Gross domestic product)

Defined by the total value of goods produced & services provided in a country during one year

Tiananmen Square Massacre 1989

Students protested in hopes of gaining democratic reform. Chinese Government sent in troops and crushed the protest using violence against the students.

The end of political liberalization in China.

What are 2 policies to become a tiger?:

1. Education

2. Infrastructure

CNN Effect

If CNN isn't there, then nobody will know.

CNN brings mass amounts of attention to issues which makes people aware & care.

- other photographers and journalists follow CNN around

Mission Creep

Given one mission (ie. feed, stabilize, turns into making sure weapons are gone, then elections, and so on) where things constantly must be done after.

- The expansion of food relief to Democratic institution building. Went from operation restore hope to operation uphold democracy.

Operation Restore Hope

U.S. mission in Somalia to help establish a cease fire between rival warlords and deliver food to starving people

Force Protection

#1 Priority for U.S. forces was to minimize casualties, stand down, and do not engage unless absolutely necessary.

Operation Gothic Serpent

Enforced to stabilize Somalia after the June massacre.

- Task for Ranger (the best of the best) (Navy Seals, Delta, Rangers)

Somalia Syndrome

The U.S. public will support U.S. military if the goal is secure. If it's not secure, then the public will not support it.

- The American people's resistance to get involved in other conflicts after what had happened in Somalia.

Operation Uphold Democracy

Haiti

- Haitians were coming to Florida due to protesting the president being overthrown by its military. President Clinton gives a speech & decides to send U.S. Soldiers to Haiti to stop the brutal atrocities.

International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL)

- won Nobel peace prize in Oct. 1997 (coalition of orgs.)

- handicap international

- mines advisory group

- human rights watch

Legal Definition of Landmines

explosive device that can be set off by the innocent act of a civilian

What weapons have killed more people than chemical/biological weapons?

Landmines

What protocol banned landmines?

Protocol II

Infectious diseases

- Caused by organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)

- animal -> person exchange

- COVID, sars, flu, hepatitis A/B

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)

- Noninfectious health condition that can't be spread from person-to-person.

- AKA chronic disease

- Includes heart diseases, strokes, cancer, diabetes

RISK FACTORS: tobacco, alcohol, diet, physical inactivity

what is dumping

selling a product at a lower price than production value

puts the competition out of business

multinational corporation (MNC)

Company based in one state with affiliated branches or subsidiaries in other state

world bank

Organization that was established as a source of loans to help reconstruct the European economies. Main borrowers became developing counties

International Monetary Fund

IGO that coordinates international currency exchange, the balance of international payments, and national accounts.

Central bank

institution common in industrialized countries whose major tasks are to maintain the value of the states currency and to control inflation

floating exchange rate

rates determined by global currency markets in which both private investors and government buy and sell currencies.

fixed exchange rates

official rates of exchange for currencies set by governments; not a dominant mechanism in the international monetary system

convertible currency

the guarantee that the holder of a particular currency can exchange it for another currency. Some states currencies are nonconvertable

gold standard

a system in international monetary relations before the 1970’s where the value of national currencies was the value of golf or other precious metals

federal reserve

central US bank that holds governments stockpile of hard currency

sets interest rate that the government charges when it loans money to private banks

Bretton woods system

Post WWII arrangement for managing the world economy, established at a meeting in Bretton woods, new hampshire. Main components are the World bank and IMF

collective security

broad alliance of most major actors for purpose of opposing aggression by any actor

comparative advantage

principle that says states should specualize in making gooda that they produce with the greatest efficiency and lowest cost

compellence

threat of force to make another actor take action

collective goods problem

goods created by members of a group that is available to all group members regardless of their individual contributions, ppl can gain by lowering their own contributions to the collective good

cartel

producers and consumers of a certain product formed for purpose of manipulating price on the world market

economic liberalism

approach that emphasizes absolute over relative gains and commitment to free markets, trade, capital flows, and an open world economy

everyone gains something

mercantailism

economic theory opposed to free trade, each state must protect its own interests without seeking mutual gains through international organizations

one benifits by one state losing

no tariff barriers

forms of restricting imports other than tariffs

ex. quotas (ceiling on number of goods of a certain kind imported)

subsidies (tax break)

economic nationalism (not imorting certain product bc u make it)

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Most prominent cartel in the international community

members control about half the worlds total oil exports, enough to affect the world price of oil

kyoto protocol 1997

international treaty to cut global carbon emissions

Almost all major countries but the US signed

Montreal protocol 1987

agreement on protection of the ozone layer in which states pledges to reduce and eliminate use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Most successful envo treaty to date

Paris climate agreement

main agreement on global warming signed in 2015

calls to reduce global temp below 2 degree celsius

resistence to global trade

Human rights

environmental issues

worker safety

protectionism

protection of domestic industries against international competition by tariffs, dumping, quotas, subsidies, economic nationalism

invisible hand

free market, no government involvement

divison of labor: production into smaller parts makes more product faster

demand and supply curve

competition and self interst act as invisible hand

wealth of nations

argues mercantilism and economic prosperity is achieved through free market, divison of labor, and limited gov intervention

league of nations

first intergov organization created after WW1 to promote peace