Fish order exam (the 'Formes)

Lampridiformes

opahs

-dorsal fin with extremely long base

-Upper jaw protrusible

-fins lack true spines

Gadiformes

Cods and Rattails

-absence of true fin spines

-long dorsal and anal fins

-barbel on chin

-3 dorsal fins (cods)

Beryciformes

squirrelfish, fangtooths, flashlight fish

-Jakubowskies Organ: a cluster of sensory cells between the nasal and lacrimal bones

huge eyes

spiny

red color usually

Mugiliformes

mullets

-pelvic fins well behind pectoral fins

-small triangular mouth

-very separated dorsal fins, first fin with 4 spines

Atheriniformes

silversides and relatives

-weak anal fin spine

-weak or absent lateral line canal

-paired nostril openings

slight upturned mouth

posterior dorsal fin

Beloniformes

needlefishes, half-beaks, flying fish

-lower pharyngeal bones fused to triangular plate

-dorsal and anal fins at rear end of body

-lower lobe on caudal fin longer than upper lobe

sygnathiformes

seahorses and pipefishes

-tube shaped snout

-small mouth with non-protrusible upper jaw

-abdominal pelvic fins

scorpaeniformes

scorpionfishes, groupers, soapfishes, seabass

-sub-orbital stay (post-ocular directed spine on opercle)

-unique gasbladder

serranoids

sea basses

lower perciformes

perches, snooks, jawfish, sunfish

-thoratic pelvic fin iwth 1 spine 5 rays

-ctenoid scales

-lower jaw protruding upper jaw

perciformes

butterflyfishes, etc

-thoratic pelvic fin iwth 1 spine 5 rays

-ctenoid scales

Carangiformes

jacks and remoras

-1-2 tubular ossifications (pre-nasals)

-small adherent scales

-remoras have modified dorsal fin on head

polypteriformes

ropefishes

-lungs

-spiral valve

-mostly cartelage skeleton

-ganoid scales

-2 gular plates

acipenseriformes

sturgeons and paddlefishes

-heterocercal tail

-5 rows of bony scutes

-4 oral barbels

-pectoral fins with soft rays fused into anterior spine-like element

lepisteiformes

Gars

-bony ganoid scales

-elongate jaws and fanglike teeth

-dorsal and anal fins located posterior

-abbreviated heterocercal tail

Amiiformes

Bowfin

-cylindrical body with long dorsal fin

-heterocercal tail

-maxilla included in gape

-median gular plate

elopiformes

tenpounders, ladyfish, tarpons

-long jaws w/ toothed premaxillae and maxillae in gape

-wide gill openings

-single gular plate

-elongate body

albuliformes

bonefish

-forked caudal fin

-small inferior mouth

-small scales

anguilliformes

true eels

-lack pelvic fins, pelvic girdle

-scales mostly absent

-gill openings narrow and gill rakers are absent

-rounded caudal fin continuous with dorsal and anal fins

clupeiformes

herrings and anchovies

-Otophysic Connection: a connection between gas bladder and otic region by way of pneumatic duct. Sound hits the swimbladder, compresses, and the membrane inside the auditory bulla is moved, which triggers the fluid inside to push the hair membrane.

-1 or more unpaired scutes crossing abdominal midline

no fin spines

np adipose fin

no gular plate

siluriformes

catfish

-4 barbels

-maxilla lacks teeth

-spine like rays at anterior dorsal and pectoral fins.

usually adipose fin; no true scales, instead bare or bony plates

characiformes

piranhas

-freshwater

-adipose fin

-highly developed teeth

-nonprotrusible upper jaw

body usually covered in scales

Argentiniformes

deep sea smelts

-adipose fin

-Crumenal Organ (modified dorsal portion of gill arches, serves to trap food particles

-light producing organs and upward directed eyes

dorsal fin near body misline

big eyeballs

Osmeriformes

"true" smelt w/ adipose fin

-scales without radii

-maxilla included in gape

-elongated body

salmoniformes

Salmon and trout

-Soft rayed with adipose fin

-pelvic fins thoracic with auxiliary process

esociformes

pikes and mudminnows

-anal fin far posteriorly

-duck bill like mouth

-lacks teeth

no adipose fin

stomiiformes

hatchet fish, dragonfish, bristlemouths

-variety of luminescent organs present, large light organs under the eyes

-hatchetfish have large dorsally directed eyes

-upper jaw includes toothed premaxilla and maxilla

aulopiformes

lizardfish

-large mouth, supermaxilla small/absent

-adipose fin usually present

-dorsal fin small, midbody

-forked caudal fin

elongate

myctophiformes

lanternfish & blackchins

-large terminal mouth, extending well past posterior wall of orbit

-small photophores arranged in species-specific rows

-pelvic fins abdominal

some with adipose

Labriformes

wrasses and relatives

-unique pharyngeal jaw with a muscular "string"

chromides

chichlids and damsalfishes

-body laterally compressed and deep

-nostrils on either side of head

-incomplete lateral line

blenniformes

blennies

-jugular pelvic fins w embedded spine

-elongate

-pelvic bones form nut-like pod

gobiiformes

gobies

-united pelvic fin

-absence of perietal bones

xiphiiformes

swordfishes

-elongate bill derived from premaxillae

-2 anal fins

-origin of dorsal fin over operculum

scombriformes

tuna, mackerel

-dorsal finlets between caudal and dorsal/anal fins

-slender caudal peduncle

-2 dorsal fins that fold into grooves on dorsal surface

cottiformes

sculpins (snailfish and eelpouts)

-fan like pec fins

-long dorsal w/ notch

-pelvic fin 1 spine 4 or less rays

ophidiiformes

cusk eels

-v. deep living fish

-jugular pelvic fins

-dorsal and anal fins

large head

mouth with confluent anal and dorsal

highly reduced caudal fin

Batracoidiformes

toadfishes

-broad head with dorsally oriented eyes

-large mouth

-gill membrane broadly united with isthmus

Lophiiformes

anglerfish, frogfishes, batfishes, goosefish, monkfish

-globiform body

-pore like gills

-loose skin

-presence of esca/illicium in some

pleuronectiformes

flatfish

-eyes migrated on one side of body

-highly compressed body

-coloration on eye side but not on blind side

Tetraodontiformes

puffers, sunfish, triggerfish

-hyomandibular and palatine firmly attatched to neurocranium

-reduced skull

-skin modified as spines, sheilds, or plates

cypriniformes

carps, minnows, koi

-scaleless head

-very protrusible jaw

-1st exclusion of maxilla from the gape

3 branchiostegal rays; no teeth

subcohort protacthopterygii

argentiniformes, osmeriformes, salmoniformes

physostomous swim bladder

found in salmoniformes, swim bladder is directly connected to the gastrointestinal tract so that fish gulp and fart air to regulate boyancy

physolistous swim bladder

not connected to digestive tract, uses diffusion in blood to regulate boyancy

retractor dorsalis

all fishes "above" salmoniformes have a muscle that connects the vertebral column with upper pharyngeal jaws, making these internal "jaws" into biting and crushing structures.

Weberian ossicles

the tripus, interaclarium, scaphium, and laustrum increase hearing acuity by transmitting vibrations from swimbladder to the inner ear

Schreckstoff

one punctured fish sends out "fear" sense to the rest of the school that triggers them to to escape

Cyprinodontiformes

killifish

small

dorsal fin posterior

scaled heads

dorsal & anal fin adjacent to each other

Trachiniformes

stargazers

-dorso-ventrally depressed

-upwardly directed eyes and mouths

Gobiescoiformes

clingfish

-pelvic fin modified to suction disc

Acanthuriformes

compressed laterally

narrow peduncle with bony scute/spine (1 or more spine)

Dory