Psych

Sperling devised the partial report condition for measuring the ________, while devised the delayed partial report condition for measuring the _________ of the ________ memory.

capacity, duration, sensory

What are the two major characteristics of sensory memory in terms of its capacity and duration?

(Almost) Unlimited capacity, very short duration

The reason you see a trail of sparkler or smooth movement from a fast sequence of static images is because ___

The iconic memory keeps old visual information temporarily until new visual information comes

Jill's friends tell her she has a really good memory. Therefore, she decides to test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill does not realize that she is demonstrating a natural mechanism of forgetting known as _

Proactive interference

Travis got a locker in gym class with the combination of 19-5-4. In order to remember it, he thinks of it as the year 1954. His method of remembering best illustrates:

Chunking

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information on a mental work table rather than simply storing it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of ________________.

Short-term memory

In order to measure the capacity of working memory, _______ task is typically used.

N-back

_____ is the primary brain area of short-term memory.

pre-frontal cortex

Funahashi and colleagues (1989) claimed that some neurons in visual cortex are responsible for short-term memory based on the observation of the neurons are firing the most strongly during _____.

The absence of the visual stimulus

Neural mind reading involves _________________.

1) Measuring brain activation patterns while showing various stimuli to participant and identifying specific brain activation pattern associated with each stimulus.
2)Asking the participant imagine one of the stimuli she had seen while measuring her brain activation pattern.
3)Comparing the brain activation pattern during the imagination to the pre-identified brain patterns associated with each stimulus in order to guess what the participant is imagining.

Murdoch's experiment from which the serial position curve was reported showed that memory is best for the ______ of a list.

first few words and the last few words

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___ memory.

long-term

The claim in Q2 (primacy effect is associated with a certain specific kind of memory) was supported by the finding that __________.

Repeating-words-out-loud during intervals between words showed that the number of repetition of each word corresponded well to the memory performance for the first few words

Which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear from the serial position curve?

Inserting the backward counting task for 30 seconds before recall

H.M. underwent brain surgery (lobotomy) to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that __________________, which is similar to Clive Wearing's (an old pianist) symptoms.

STM can operate (relatively) normally while LTM is impaired due to the damage of hippocampus.

Which of the following is a correct description of the coding in short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM)?

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory?

I remember not only when and where my last car accident happened but also remember that I was texting and my friends were in the same car talking about school and we were listening to our favorite music.

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects ____________________.

intact episodic memory but impaired semantic memory.

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that ______________.

We are not consciously aware of the fact we have them and under the influence of them.

Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?

1. Procedural memory
2. Priming (e.g., propaganda effect)

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Reading the words on this test

The Graf et al. experiment with Korsakoff syndrome patients and two control groups had two phases where the patients first performed the _________ and then _________ later.

Likability rating of 10 words; either surprise free-recall of the 10 words or word-fragment task.

Graf and colleagues picked the 10 words for the likability rating so that they help the word-fragment task. (True or false)

True

Graf and colleagues used Korsakoff syndrome patients so that ___________.

although the patients cannot explicitly remember the 10 words from the likability rating task, they can perform well in the word-fragment test with the help of the implicit memory of the 10 words that are related to the word-fragment task.

According to Craik & Tulving (1975) who did the levels-of-processing experiment, people remembered target words best when the questions (that proceeded the target words) were about ______.

Meaning (fill-in-the-blank)

Which of the following memory effect was introduced in Chapter 7?

Self-reference effect
Generation effect
Testing effect
Spacing effect

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the experiment with which the testing effect was proposed?

All of the above

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, t-shirt, cherry, sofa, pants" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of __________________.

The spontaneous tendency of grouping items based on their categories.

Bransford and Johnson'(1972) had participants hear a passage about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend who lived in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture about the story made it easier to understand and memories the contents. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _________ in forming reliable long-term memories.

An organizational context (i.e., big picture/framework)

Your instructor introduced an example that was very similar to the above question. The example was about two boys playing ________.

A video game (Starcraft)

In Mantyla's experiment, participants saw many target words and generated three words related to each target word. Then, those three words were presented as a retrieval cue in later recall. Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the result?

Neither self-generated nor others-generated cues were helpful for participants remembering the target words.

Encoding specificity suggests that _______________.

The context of learning is encoded along with the material being learnt, and can facilitate retrieval of the material if one has the same context as the encoding at retrieval.

According to the encoding specificity, background noise during test (i.e., retrieval) can improve your memory if ______________.

You had had the same noise during encoding.

When someone (not just Dr. J's wife) is currently upset, she can easily recall some old events that had made her upset. This is an everyday example of the _______________.

Encoding specificity (especially, the state-dependent learning)

According to the transfer appropriate theory, processing the auditory aspect of stimuli during encoding can cause a better memory at later test than processing the meaning of stimuli during encoding, if _____________ (Make sure to read all alternatives).

Levels of processing theory is not always correct.
The test is made using the rhyming-questions (Does any word learnt rhymes with another word XXX?)

Which of the following is NOT a good study strategy for a better recall of course materials in test?

Putting all study hours in one day immediately before the exam instead of spreading them across days.

Which of the following is a correct description regarding spacing effect?

Even when subjects believe that cramming works for them, for the most of the cases, spacing effect occurs (i.e., when they space out study times, they perform better)

The best way to prepare for Exam 2 of this course is to __________.

Test yourself by verbally answering the "test yourself" questions

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the three explanations for the reminiscence bump?

Cognitive hypothesis: busy period of life that is followed by a relaxed and stable period of life causes stronger memory about the relaxed period.

As a supporting evidence of the cognitive hypothesis of the reminiscence bump, researchers found that people who immigrated at the age of 34-35 show a reminiscence bump that is ______.

Postponed comparing to those of people who immigrated at the age of 20-24

Which of the following effect is most closely related to the cognitive hypothesis of reminiscence bump?

Spacing Effect

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the effect of emotion on memory?

People are less confident with remembering emotional events.

What is a flashbulb memory?

Memory for circumstances surrounding shocking or highly charged important events.

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the flashbulb memories?

All of the above are correct

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was based on Canadian Indian culture demonstrated the constructive nature of memory. Specifically, it demonstrated that memory is altered based on one's ___________.

Cultural Background

In the experiment in which participants sat in a psychology-experiment office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of on memory.

Scene schemas

When sentence A,

The flimsy shelf weakened under the weight of the books.
is followed by sentence B,
The flimsy shelf ________ under the weight of the books.

Memory is reconstructed based on previous / typical language usage

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a large change in eyewitness reporting (especially the estimated speed of the cars). In this study, the critical words were _______________.

hit vs smashed

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the results from eyewitness-testimony experiments?

All of the above

According to cognitive psychologists, it is better to have ________ lineup and ________ in the lineup.

Serial: fillers

According to cognitive psychologists, it is better to have an administrator of the lineup procedure who _________ know whether or not the lineup has a real suspect/perpetrator while letting the eyewitness know that there _________ be the suspect.

Does not; may not

According to the cognitive interview technique, we should let eyewitness _____________.

Talk with minimal interruption / feedback
AND
Recreate the situation/emotion that they had at the crime scene