Lifespan Development: Theories, Prenatal Development, and Birth

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering developmental theories, genetics, prenatal stages, teratology, and childbirth concepts.

A research design that examines changes within individuals over time and provides a developmental analysis, but is costly and prone to participant attrition, is known as a __________ design.

longitudinal

A __________ research design studies participants of different ages at a single point in time to identify age-related differences, but cannot assess individual change over time or cohort effects.

cross-sectional

A __________ research design combines longitudinal and cross-sectional methodologies by evaluating both age-related differences and changes within individuals across time, making it capable of detecting cohort effects.

sequential

According to Sigmund Freud's tripartite model of personality, the __________ operates on the reality principle and develops around age 2 to mediate between instinctual desires and moral standards.

ego

In Freud's psychosexual theory, the __________ stage occurs during early childhood and marks the emergence of the superego along with a culturally dictated sense of masculinity or femininity.

phallic

According to psychoanalytic theory, adult traits such as smoking, overeating, passivity, and gullibility are indicative of fixation in the __________ stage.

oral

In Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, an infant from birth to age 1 must resolve the crisis of __________ by having basic needs met consistently in order to feel the world is safe.

trust vs. mistrust

During middle adulthood (ages 40 through the early 60s), individuals face Erikson's developmental dilemma of __________, motivated by the desire to contribute meaningfully to society.

generativity vs. stagnation

In Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, the sound of the bell became a __________ once the dogs learned to salivate to it.

conditioned stimulus

John B. Watson demonstrated that emotional responses can be classically conditioned in his experiment with 18-month-old Little Albert by pairing a white rat with a __________.

loud noise

In operant conditioning, __________ occurs when taking away an unpleasant stimulus (such as turning off an obnoxious morning alarm clock) increases the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

Rewards such as tokens or money that possess indirect value and must be traded in for what is ultimately desired are classified as __________ reinforcers.

secondary (or extrinsic)

Albert Bandura demonstrated that children can acquire aggressive behaviors purely through observation without receiving any direct reinforcement in the famous __________ experiment.

Bobo doll

According to 2017 statistics regarding Generation M, adolescents aged 13 to 18 spend an average of just under __________ per day consuming entertainment media.

$$9\text{ hours}$$

In Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, human functioning is explained by a continuous, triadic interaction among Behavior, Environment, and __________.

Person/cognitive factors (self-influences)

Jean Piaget defined the mental categories of knowledge or conceptual boxes that individuals create to organize and understand their world as __________.

schemas (or schemes)

The cognitive adaptation process of altering existing mental structures or creating entirely new categories upon encountering new information is called __________.

accommodation

Piaget's __________ stage, spanning ages 2 to 7, is characterized by symbolic thought and language use, though thinking remains pre-logical and lacks an understanding of conservation.

preoperational

Lev Vygotsky defined the theoretical boundary between what a learner can accomplish independently and what they can achieve with guided support as the __________.

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

The instructional strategy of providing temporary, tailored assistance within a child's ZPD and gradually withdrawing support as mastery increases is called __________, a term coined by Jerome Bruner.

scaffolding

In Information Processing Theory, short-term/working memory has a typical storage capacity of __________ items and retains information for about 15 to 30 seconds without active rehearsal.

$$7 \pm 2$$

In Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, the immediate setting containing direct, face-to-face interactions with parents, peers, and teachers is termed the __________.

microsystem

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, the interactions and relationships between different microsystem entities (such as parental involvement with schools) make up the __________.

mesosystem

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological framework, the dimension that accounts for changes over time in cultural values, government policies, and personal life transitions is designated as the __________.

chronosystem

At the pinnacle of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs is __________, defined as achieving one's full potential including creative pursuits.

self-actualization

According to the Barker Hypothesis, infants born at birth weight extremes—under $5\text{ pounds}$ or over $9\text{ to }10\text{ pounds}$—face a __________ higher risk of dying from adult cardiovascular disease.

$$3\text{ to }5\text{ times}$$

The transgenerational transmission of epigenetic alterations stemming from a grandmother's nutrition during pregnancy that impacts her grandchild is known as the __________.

100-year effect

Out of the 23 pairs of chromosomes formed at conception, the 22 pairs that are similar in length and not directly responsible for sex determination are termed __________.

autosomes

Sickle Cell Disease is an autosomal recessive disorder that distorts red blood cells and affects oxygen transport, occurring in approximately 1 in __________ Black births.

$$500$$

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that impairs the breakdown of the amino acid __________, which leads to intellectual deficits if untreated.

phenylalanine

Tay-Sachs disease is an enzyme deficiency leading to lipid accumulation in brain nerve cells, with a carrier rate of 1 in 30 American Jews and 1 in 20 __________.

French Canadians

Huntington's disease is a fatal autosomal dominant condition that leads to progressive brain deterioration and motor dysfunction, typically manifesting during __________.

midlife

Down syndrome is an autosomal chromosomal abnormality caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome __________.

$$21$$

A sex-linked chromosomal disorder occurring in females characterized by short stature, cognitive functioning effects, and ovarian failure due to an XO composition is __________.

Turner syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome is a sex-linked chromosomal abnormality occurring in males who possess an extra X chromosome, resulting in a karyotype of __________.

XXY

By day five of the germinal period, cell division forms a hollow ball of roughly 100 cells called a blastocyst, whose inner cell mass is termed the __________.

embryonic disk

The directional prenatal growth pattern in which internal structures and torso areas develop before the extremities (hands and fingers) is called __________ development.

proximodistal

The milestone reached at approximately $24\text{ weeks}$ of gestation, representing the earliest point at which a fetus has a chance of survival outside the womb, is the __________.

age of viability

A pregnant woman who is Rh-negative carrying an Rh-positive fetus risks developing antibodies that can destroy red blood cells in subsequent pregnancies, causing __________.

Rh disease

Preeclampsia is a third-trimester complication marked by a sharp increase in maternal blood pressure along with __________, indicating impaired kidney function.

proteinuria (protein in the urine)

Teratogenic agents present the greatest risk of major structural birth defects during the first __________ of prenatal development.

$$8\text{ weeks}$$

The childbirth method that emphasizes partner coaching, relaxation techniques, and complete avoidance of medical intervention to achieve unassisted vaginal birth is the __________.

Bradley method

Umbilical cord nonseverance (UCNS), where the newborn remains attached to the placenta for 3 to 10 days until it naturally separates, is also known as a __________.

lotus birth

The first stage of labor is complete when uterine contractions cause the cervix to fully efface and dilate to __________ centimeters.

$$10$$

On the Apgar assessment administered at 1 and 5 minutes after birth, a total combined score of __________ or less is considered a cause for medical concern.

$$5$$

In Ontario, children and youth with complex chronic care conditions represent less than $1\%$ of pediatric patients, but account for approximately __________ of all child health care spending.

$$32\%$$

In Queen's University research on fetal auditory memory, full-term fetuses exposed to a recording of their mother's voice reading a poem showed a characteristic heart rate __________.

increase