Cell Structure, Microscopy, and Compartmentalization

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering cell theory, microscopy techniques, prokaryotic and eukaryotic ultrastructure, organelle functions, and compartmentalization.

According to the cell theory, the cell is the __________ unit of life.

basic

A fundamental principle of cell theory states that cells only arise from __________ cells.

pre-existing

A core tenet of the cell theory is that all living things are __________.

composed of cells

Collecting and analyzing data can lead to formulating hypotheses from related observations through __________ reasoning.

inductive

To generate predictions and test an established theory, scientists use __________ reasoning.

deductive

The resolving power of the human eye is approximately $0.1\,\text{mm}$ or __________.

$$100\,\mu\text{m}$$

The resolving power of a conventional light microscope is __________ or $0.2\,\mu\text{m}$.

$$0.0002\,\text{mm}$$

The resolving power of an electron microscope is $0.00001\,\text{mm}$ or __________.

$$0.001\,\mu\text{m}$$

Magnification is a measure of how much __________ an object appears compared to its actual size.

LARGER

In light microscopy, the stain methylene blue selectively binds to __________.

DNA

Fluorescent stains produce brighter images because they absorb light and re-emit it at a __________ wavelength.

longer

The technique that utilizes fluorescently labeled antibodies to target and track a specific protein or antigen is __________.

Immunofluorescence

In freeze fracture, cells are rapidly frozen, fractured at weak points, and coated with __________ or carbon to produce a replica.

platinum

In cryogenic electron microscopy, a frozen protein solution is irradiated with an electron beam so a computer can analyze the resulting __________ patterns.

diffraction

Prokaryotic cells range in size from approximately __________.

$$0.1 - 5\,\mu\text{m}$$

The prokaryotic cell wall protects the cell, maintains shape, prevents bursting, and is composed of __________.

peptidoglycan

Prokaryotic cells carry out protein synthesis using smaller __________ ribosomes.

70S

Prokaryotic DNA located in the nucleoid region is referred to as 'naked' because it is not associated with __________.

proteins

An extra circular piece of naked DNA that replicates independently and often carries antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria is called a __________.

plasmid

Eukaryotic cells synthesize proteins using larger __________ ribosomes.

80S

The inner membrane of a mitochondrion is folded to increase __________ for cellular respiration.

surface area

In eukaryotic chromosomes, DNA is tightly bound to structural proteins called __________.

histones

Ribosomal subunits are assembled inside the nucleus within a dense region called the __________.

nucleolus

Unlike the rough ER, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and produces __________.

lipids, steroids, phospholipids

The organelle that modifies proteins into their functional state, sorts, and packages them into vesicles is the __________.

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes maintain an acidic internal environment with an optimal pH of __________ for hydrolytic enzyme activity.

$$5$$

Plant cell walls are primarily composed of __________.

cellulose

Chloroplasts contain the photosynthetic pigment __________ to capture light energy.

chlorophyll

The large central vacuole in plant cells stores water and creates __________ pressure to keep cells rigid.

turgor

While plant cell walls are made of cellulose, the cell walls of fungi are made of __________.

Chitin

Mature mammalian red blood cells are atypical eukaryotic cells because they lack a nucleus and __________.

mitochondria

Fungal hyphae that lack cross-walls and consist of continuous multinucleated cytoplasm are called __________ fungal hyphae.

aseptate

Skeletal muscle fibers have multiple nuclei because they develop from many cells __________ together.

fusing

To maximize sap transport, specialized plant phloem cells that lose their nucleus and other organelles are __________.

phloem sieve tube elements

Cell structures not classified as organelles include the cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, and the __________.

cell wall

The process of blending cells and separating organelles by density via spinning is known as __________.

differential centrifugation

Separation of the nucleus and cytoplasm allows __________ modification of mRNA to occur prior to translation.

post-transcriptional

During mitosis and meiosis, the nuclear membrane breaks down into __________ to allow chromosome rearrangement.

vesicles