PLTW PBS Semester 1 Study Guide

Systemic Pump

Pumps blood to the lungs

Systemic Pump Side

Right

Preliminary Artery

Pumps blood to lungs to get oxygen

Preliminary Artery Side

Left

Right Atrium

Pushes blood to the Right Ventricle coming from the body deoxygenated. e

Left Atrium

Receives blood coming back from the lungs and pushes it to the Left Ventricle.

Right Ventricle

Pushes blood to the lungs to get oxygen.

Left Ventricle

Pushes blood to the body.

Vena Cavas

Brings deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Pulmonary Vein

Brings blood with oxygen back from the lungs.

Pulmonary Arteries

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Aorta

Carries blood with oxygen to the whole body.

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

Between the Left Ventricle and the Aorta

Tricuspid Valve

Between the Right Atrium and the Right Ventricle

Aortic Valve

Between the Left Ventricle and the Aorta

Pulmonary Valve

Between the Right Ventricle and the Pulmonary Artery

Atrioventricular Valves

Separates the Atria from the Ventricles

Semilunar Valves

Separates each ventricle from artery leading out

Veins

Carries blood into the heart

Arteries

Carries blood away from the heart

Angina

Chest pain or discomfort. Coronary artery disease is atherosclerosis (buildup of plaque in the arteries) and it occurs in the arteries that supply blood to the heart. Can result in heart attacks or heart failure.

Atherosclerosis with Thrombus

Gradual buildup of plaque in artery walls, and results from the damage to the inner artery wall. This plaque may completely block the artery over time where no blood can get to the heart or the brain where a stroke or a heart attack may occur.

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

When blood and oxygen supply to the heart is reduced causing heart muscle to die. Commonly results from plaque blockage. It can also be caused by a blood clot that gets lodged in a coronary artery.

Aortic Valve Stenosis

Calcification of the Aortic Valve as one ages which stiffens the valve and narrows its opening. The person may experience chest pain, dizziness, fainting during exercise, and congestive heart failure.

Patent Foramen Ovale

Asymptomatic & Harmless. Causes complications like a stroke, migraines, and heart attacks. Centric, where the foramen ovale does not close.

Congestive Heart Failure

Occurs when your heart can’t pump enough blood. Can be caused by defects, strokes, heart attacks, ect. Also the Heart is Enlarged.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A disease where the heart muscle becomes thicker which makes it harder for the heart to pump blood.

Ventricular Septal Defect

A hole in the heart that is present at birth causing blood to be able to move backwards.

Bacterial Endocarditis

When bacteria enters the bloodstream and travels to the heart destroying its tissue.

Nervous System

The map of nerves throughout the body. They transmit information to the brain. The spine is the main pathway of info to the brain.

Brain

Housed with the protective covering of the skull. Most complex organ in the body. Controls behavior, thoughts, emotions & heart rate.

CNS (Central Nervous System)

Brain & Spinal Cord

PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

Nerves that are going away or into the central nervous system.

Frontal Lobe

Responsible for planning and organizing information. It also controls behavior and emotions.

Temporal Lobe

Used for processing language and storing information in long-term memory.

Parietal Lobe

Crucial in integrating sensory and visual information.

Occipital Lobe

Receives and processes sensory nerve impulses from the eyes.

TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury)

A brain dysfunction caused by an outside force to the head.

CTE (Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy)

A progressive degeneration, and/or death, of nerve cells caused by repeated head injuries, such as repeated concussions.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

A medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to take pictures of the soft tissues of the body.

Gross Examination

The process by which pathology specimens are inspected with the naked eye to obtain diagnostic information, while being processed for further microscopic examination.

Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial tissue is composed of epithelial cells aligned in sheets and connected to one another. This tissue can be found lining the outer surfaces of all organs and blood vessels, in the mouth, and on the surfaces of humans. This tissue works to absorb, secrete, protect, and sense for us.

Connective Tissue

Connective tissue supports and connects other tissue types in the body. Different types of connective tissue work to hold organs in place, attach muscle to bones, link bones with joints, or enable other tissues (like lungs) to stretch. It is found attached to and in between other tissue types in the body.

Nervous Tissue

Nerves, the spinal cord, and the brain are composed of nervous tissues. This tissue, made up of specialized cells called neurons, works to receive, interpret, and respond to signals.

Muscle Tissue

Muscle tissue makes up the muscles found in the body. Muscle tissue can be striated, smooth, or cardiac. Striated muscle tissue, also known as skeletal muscle tissue, is attached to bones. Smooth muscle tissue is found in the walls of internal organs. Cardiac muscle tissue is found in the walls of the heart. This tissue provides the ability to contract.

Concussion

Concussion is an alteration in mental state that results from injury to the head. Concussions typically arise from motor vehicle accidents, falls, or hits to the head while playing sports. During a high-velocity collision, the brain and skull move together until the body hits resistance and suddenly stops. After the body stops, the brain continues to move until it collides forcefully with the inside of the skull.

Physical Digestion

Uses mechanical acts to digest food and break it into smaller parts

Chemical Digestion

Atoms/Molecules use acids and enzymes to break down food

Oral Cavity

Where food enters via the mouth and digested. This includes your teeth, tongue and saliva.

Esophagus

Muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach.

Stomach

Muscular sac that contains acid and enzymes to break down food.

Large Intestine

Reabsorbs water and forms feces to be released from the body.

Small Intestine

Between stomach and large intestine. It breaks down food and molecules and absorbs digested nutrients.

Integumentary System

Forms the body’s external covering and protects deeper tissue from injury and helps regulate body temperature

Integumentary System Structures

Hair, Skin, & Nails

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework for the muscles use to cause movement and stores minerals

Skeletal System Structures

Bones & Joints

Muscular System

Moves the body and moves substances around the body and maintains posture and produces heat

Muscular System Structures

Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle & Smooth Muscle

Nervous System

Responds to internal and external changes by acting an appropriate response and processes information

Nervous System Structures

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, & Sensory Receptors

Cardiovascular System

Pumps blood around the body and transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste

Cardiovascular System Structures

Heart, & Blood Vessels (Veins, Arteries & Capillaries)

Respiratory System

Assists with gas exchange with the external environment and keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Respiratory System Structures

Nasal Cavity, Trachea, Lungs & Bronchus

Lymphatic & Immune System

Filter fluid in the body and mounts the attack against foreign substances in the body

Lymphatic & Immune System Structures

Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Thymus & Bone Marrow

Digestive System

Breaks down food into its nutrients molecules and absorbs nutrients and rids the body of waste

Digestive System Structures

Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Small Intestine, Large Intestine & Stomach

Urinary System

Eliminates waste from the body and regulates water balance of the blood

Urinary System Structures

Kidney, Bladder, Ureter & Urethra

Endocrine System

Secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells

Endocrine System Structures

Testis, Adrenal Gland, Pituitary Gland & Ovary

Reproductive System

To produce, transport, and sustain sperm and egg cells and to nurture the developing offspring

Reproductive System Structures

Women : Vagina, Ovaries & Uterus Men : Penis, Testes & Prostate

Autopsy

Systematic examination of the entire body. It may be used if death is suspicious or unsuspicious done by a medical examiner.

Procedures of an Autopsy

The careful study of inner and outer changes. May include an extensive analysis of the body and or fluids to determine if toxins or poisons were present.

Brain Exam

It is checked for any signs of injury. It is used to get the core temperature. It is weighed and examined.

External Exam and Identification

A description of the body is recorded. Evidence of injury is recorded.

Tools

Various saws, scissors, needles, and other tools are required to complete the interior and outer examination.

Documentation

Photographs are taken to document injury and the state of the body.

Sample Collection

Blood, urine, and other fluids are taken and tested to determine the cause of death.

Internal Exam

Organs and other body systems are removed, examined, and weighed.

Stomach Contents

Contents are analyzed to determine what the victim ate before death.

Cause of Death

The specific injury, trauma, or disease that directly caused the victim’s death.

Mechanism of Death

What happens physiologically (inside the body) to result in death.

Manner of Death

The circumstances that result in death, which are designated as natural or unnatural (further categorized as an accident, homicide, or undetermined).

Example of Cause of Death

Gunshot Wound

Example of Manner of Death

Homicide

Example of Mechanism of Death

Exsanguination (blood loss)

Integumentary System

Hair, Skin, Nails : forms the body’s external covering and protects the deeper tissue from injury and helps regulate body temperature.

Skeletal System

Bones, Joints : Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement and stores minerals.

Muscular System

Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle : Moves the body and moves substances around the body and helps maintain posture and produce heat.

Nervous System

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, Sensory Receptors : Responds to internal and external changes by acting an appropriate response and processing information.

Cardiovascular System

Heart, Blood Vessels (Veins, Arteries and Capillaries) : Pumps blood around the body and transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste.

Respiratory System

Nasal Cavity, Trachea, Lungs, Bronchus : Assists with gas exchange with the external environment and keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

Lymphatic and Immune System

Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Bone Marrow : Filter fluid in the body and mount the attack against the foreign substances in the body.

Digestive System

Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Stomach : Breaks down food into its nutrients molecules and absorbs nutrients and rids the body of waste.