Bones Pt. 2

PTH

parathyroid hormone located behind the thyroid that regulates the balance of calcium in the body

Calcitonin

hormone produced by cells of the thyroid, helping lower blood calcium and phosphate levels

Osteoprotegerin

hormones indirectly stimulating osteoclast activity by increasing the synthesis of RANK-L and decreasing the synthesis of the antagonist

Wolff’s Law

a bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it

Fractures

partial or complete bone break; during youth fractures occur from sports, car accidents, and falls; in old age they occur from thinner/weaker bones

Displaced Fractures

the bone ends are out of normal alignment

Open Fracture

the bone ends penetrate the skin

Closed Fracture

when the bone ends don’t penetrate the skin

Reduction

the realignment with broken bone ends

Closed Reduction

the physicians hands coax the bone ends into position

Open Reduction

bone ends are secured together surgically with screws and plates

Hematoma

hemorrhaged blood clots form because the blood vessels in the bone and periosteum tear

Fibrocartilaginous Callus

(soft tissue) temporary mass of repair tissue that forms around a broken bone and connects the broken ends together

Bony Callus

osteoblasts deposit minerals and convert the soft tissue into hard woven bone

Osteomalacia

a bone disease where the bones are poorly mineralized making bones soft and weak

Osteoporosis

group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit causing the bones to become so fragile

Paget’s Disease

excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption, leaving affected bones larger, softer, and more prone to fractures/ deformaties

Comminuted Fracture

bone breaks into multiple fragments, common in the ederly

Spiral Fracture

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone; common in sports

Depressed Fracture

broken bone is pressed inward; typical skull fracture

Compression Fracture

bone is crushed; subjected to extreme trauma

Epiphyseal Fracture

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

Greenstick Fracture

bone breaks incompletely, like a green twig, only one side breaks while the other bends

Achondroplasia

congenital condition involving defective cartilage and endochondral bone growth so that the limbs are too short but the membrane bones are normal size; dwarfism

Bony Spur

abnormal projection from a bone due to bony overgrowth; common in aging bones

Ostealgia

pain in the bone

Osteitis

inflammation of bony tissue

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

also called brittle bone disease, a disorder in which the bone matrix contains inadequate collagen, putting it at risk of shattering

Osteomyelitis

painful bone infection, where the bone and bone marrow are inflamed caused by pus-forming bacteria that reaches the bone through the bloodstream, nearby tissue, or open injuries

Osteosarcoma

a form of bone cancer typically in the long bone, and usually in younger people; treatment involves chemo, surgery, and sometimes radiation with a 50% survival rate

Pathologic Fracture

fracture in diseased bone caused by an underlying disease or condition that weakens the bone structure, rather than a heavy impact or injury

Traction

(pulling) placing sustained tension on a body region to keep the parts of a fractured bone in proper alignment, also prevents spasms of skeletal muscles