World Civ. Final

What time period did Viking culture primarily exist?

Roughly late 8th to early 11th centuries.

What were the homelands of the Vikings?

Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark).

What are the key aspects of Viking culture?

Seafaring, raiding, trading, exploration, mythology (Norse gods like Odin, Thor), distinct art styles, and settlement in Europe.

What is the core belief of Christianity?

Monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

What is the significance of the Olmec, Maya, and Aztec civilizations?

Known for sophisticated calendars, writing systems, monumental architecture, and complex social structures in Mesoamerica.

What are major characteristics of the Inca civilization?

Known for extensive road system, intricate bureaucracy, and the mountain city of Machu Picchu.

Who was Genghis Khan?

Founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, known for military genius and unification of Mongol tribes.

What characterized the Mongol conquest of the 13th century?

Brutal and swift expansion across Asia and parts of Eastern Europe.

What event is marked by the permanent division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD?

The split into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire).

What is manorialism?

An agricultural system based on self-sufficient estates (manors) with a hierarchy of lords, vassals, and serfs.

What is the definition of Christendom?

The worldwide body of Christians or the parts of the world where Christianity is the prevailing religion.

What was the Schism of 1054?

The formal separation of the Eastern (Orthodox) Church and the Western (Catholic) Church.

What did Nicolaus Copernicus propose?

The heliocentric model of the solar system (sun-centered).

What were the major advancements during the Scientific Revolution?

New ways of thinking about the natural world based on observation, experimentation, and reason.

What are the similarities between John Locke's ideas and the Declaration of Independence?

Both emphasize natural rights and the idea of government by consent.

What was the result of the American Revolution?

Establishment of a stable, democratic republic.

What were the causes of WWI?

Militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

What are the causes of WWII?

Failures of the Treaty of Versailles, rise of fascism, Japanese expansionism, appeasement, and the Great Depression.

What triggered the American entrance into WWII?

The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

What events led to the end of WWII in Europe?

Allied invasion of Normandy, Soviet advance, fall of Berlin, and Hitler's suicide.

What are the components of the Cold War arms race?

Competition between the US and the Soviet Union to develop superior weaponry.

What causes are linked to terrorism?

Political grievances, religious extremism, nationalism, social inequality.

What were Al-Qaeda's grievances related to the 9/11 attacks?

Opposition to US foreign policy in the Middle East and support for Israel.

What major technological advancement was developed by Gutenberg?

The printing press.

What are the key effects of the Columbian Exchange?

Exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases, demographic shifts, and economic changes.