sports psych exam 2

what is competition?

a social process that occurs when rewards are given to people for how their performance compares to the performance of others during the same task/event

what is cooperation?

a social process through which performance is evaluated and rewarded in terms of the collective achievement of a group of people working together to reach a particular goal

what is decompetition

when opponents see each other as rivals with winning as the ultimate goal (willing to cheat to win)

What are the stages of competition?

objective competitive situation, subjective competitive situation, response, consequences

what is an objective competitive situation?

the first stage, a situation in which performance is compared with some standard of excellence and at least one other person is aware of the comparison (beating a record)

what is the subjective competitive situation?

second stage, is how the person perceives, accepts, and appraises the objective competition standard, highly competitive people seek out those type of situations

What are the 3 competitive orientations measured by SOQ (sports orientation questionnaire)?

competitiveness: desire to strive for success, win orientation: interpersonal comparison and winning (beating others), goal orientation: personal performance standards (beating yourself)

what is response?

third stage, whether a person approaches or avoids a competitive situation

what are the three types of competitive responses?

behavioral: decide what type of opponent you prefer to play, physiological: increased heart rate, clammy hands, etc, psychological: internal (motivation, confidence) and external (facilities, weather, opponent ability)

what are the competitive consequences ?

fourth stage, refer to whether a person approaches or avoids a competition, not always win or loss but HOW the athlete interprets the situation (a loss can feel like a success and a win can feel like a loss)

what did Triplett’s cyclist study show?

cyclist rode faster in competition than alone racing against the time (face to face increases competitions)

What did Deutsch’s puzzle study show?

Competitive groups showed distrust and closed communication whereas the cooperation groups openly, shared information, and solved more puzzles

What did Johnson and Johnson say about competition and cooperations

concluded that there is no type of task for which cooperative efforts are less effective than individualistic/competitive efforts

What are the benefits and risk of competition?

Benefits: Excitement, cooperation, skill development, Risk: Aggression, burnout, self-esteem, injury

What makes competition beneficial

voluntary participation, manageable pressure, reasonable chance of winning, fair rules, and visible progress

How should coaches balance competition and cooperation?

combine competition with teamwork, individualize instruction, reward improvement regardless of winning, and use superordinate goals: shared goals that rival groups must cooperate to achieve

what is reinforcement ?

the facts and strategies (positive and negative) that INCREASES the likelihood of a behavior occurring again (behavior we want)

what is punishment?

factors and strategies that DECREASE undesirable behavior

positive vs negative reinforcement

Positive: ADD pleasant stimulus Negative: remove something unpleasant to increase (adding a fun game or taking away a drill they don’t like) leads to INCREASE in behavior

Positive vs negative punishment

Positive: Add an unpleasant consequence Negative: Remove something desirable (taking away playing time after a rule violation) leads to DECREASE in behavior

What makes feedback effective?

Specific, sincere, tied to the behavior and immediate and positive feedback should dominate

what are the three types of motivation?

intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation

Intrinsic motivation

driven by self-determined goals, knowledge, accomplishments

Extrinsic motivation

Driven by external rewards or pressures, external rewards, comparison with others

Amotivation

lacks both types of motivation

What are the regulations for motivation?

Non-regulation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, intrinsic regulation

explain external regulation

behavior controlled by rewards, do more work to get more pay

explain introjected regulation

behavior is not self-determined (stay in shape to impress others)

explain identified regulation

value behavior/sport involvement because it will help me develop

explain integrated regulation

value the outcome, completing a marathon just to say I did it, identifies as someone who works hard

What psychological needs support intrinsic motivation?

competence, autonomy, and social relatedness

What is flow and what engages it?

optimal state with skills match challenge, can’t control flow, includes complete absorption and effortless movement

Negative sides of flow

balanced competition, fair playing field, the doing it over the outcome (ex: surfer ignoring risk for euphoria)

What makes a group a team?

a team has shared goals, a collective identify, clear roles, and interdependence

What are the three perspectives on group development?

linear, cyclical, pendular

explain linear perspective

groups develop in a sequential, step by step process

what are the stages of linear perspective

forming: making the team, storming: conflict emerges norming: group values become clean, performing: group is working towards the goal

what are the stages of cyclical perspective

Formation: making the team, growth: development of trust and roles, Peak/maturity: team reaches highest level or cohesion, Decline/termination: groups near its known end point

what are the stages for pendular perspective

Orientation (cohesion): high unity and optimism, differentiation and conflict: differences emerges (subgroups form), resolution and cohesion: teams works thru conflict, differentiation and conflict: setback, fatigue, termination: depending on the outcome cohesion may increase or decrease

What are group roles?

set of expected behavior for individuals in specific positions, can be formal like captain or informal like motivator, assigns roles correctly is extremely important for the coach, Clarity: understand your role, Acceptance: Accept it, Conflict: Face incompatible expectations

What are group norms?

share expectations, unwritten but powerful, socially reinforced like everyone encourages a teammate after a mistake

How does coaches create an effective team climate?

Recognize the teams development stage, clarify roles, communicate sincerely, encourage positive norms, and provide social support

what are the seven types of social support?

Listening, emotional, emotional-challenge, reality-confirmation, task-appreciation, task-challenge, personal-assistance

Explain listening as it relates to social support?

hear them out (informal contact)

Explain emotional as it relates to social support?

Comfort them

Explain emotional-challenge as it relates to social support?

encourage emotionally challenging verbal exchanges to achieve their potential

Explain reality-confirmation as it relates to social support?

validating players view when accurate

Explain task-appreciation as it relates to social support?

recognition and appreciation of athletes effort, skill, or achievement

Explain task-challenge as it relates to social support?

constructive push encouraging the athletes to stretch their abilities

Explain personal-assistance as it relates to social support?

tangible direct help

What features help strength a team?

Proximity, Distinctiveness, Fairness, Similarity, Task Interdependence

What is Steiner’s model of individual and team performance

Actual productivity= potential productivity- losses due to faulty group processes

What are process losses in Steiner’s model?

Motivation losses: reduced effort Coordination losses: poorly organized teamwork

What is the ringelmann effect?

individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases

what is social loafing?

individuals reduce their effort because motivation is lower or they expect others to do the work

What conditions increase social loafing?

involvement is low, teammates are strangers, contributions seem unnecessary, opponents seem weak, contributions are hard to identify

How can coaches reduce social loafing?

Make contributions visible, emphasize unique roles, use smaller groups, meet individually

What is cohesion?

sticking together to pursue goal and satisfy members needs

What is task cohesion?

unity towards performance goals

What is social cohesion?

attraction and connection among members

What four factors influence cohesion in Carson’s model?

environmental: the team setting, personal: members motivations, leadership: coaches behavior and decisions, team: group characteristics that develop over time

How can coaches and athletes build cohesion?

Coaches: team building, shared goals, positive communication Athletes: know teammates, help and encourage others, give full effort

What can prevent team cohesion?

Personality clashes, role conflict, poor communication, power struggles, unclear goals

What are the five steps of communication?

think of a message, encode it, send it, receiver decodes it, receiver responds

what does encoding mean?

turning thoughts into a message using words or nonverbal signals (body language)

What does decoding mean?

Interpreting the message you receive

What is INTERpersonal communication vs INTRA

INTER: Between people INTRA: Self-talk

What is non-verbal communication?

messages conveyed through facial expression, posture, gestures

What does GROW stand for?

Goal: What do you want? Reality: Where are you now? Options: What could you do? Will: What will you do?

Why ask questions instead of only giving instructions?

questions encourage understanding ownership and retention

What causes sender failure?

Unclear messages, inconsistent, delivery does not fit the situation

What causes receiver failure?

Inattention, defensiveness, close-mindedness, or preparing a reply instead of listening

what relationship barriers interfere with communication ?

lack of trust, embarrassment, difference in perception or background

What are double messages?

Conflicting signals, such as positive words with sarcastic tone

What are the 6 C’s of effective messages?

Clear, Concise, Courteous, Correct, Complete, and Constructive

What is active listening?

giving full attention, asking question, respond

What is supportive listening?

Showing that you value the speaker and their message through caring responses

What is aware listening?

Adapting to individual communication styles and watching for misunderstanding

How to check that a message was understood?

as the receiver to explain it back in their own words

What is productive confrontation?

Directly addressing a problem to clarify misunderstanding and work towards a solution

When should you avoid confrontation?

When you are angry and cannot communicate calmly

What should effective confrontation focus on?

the problem and each persons perspective while showing respect

Why listen before proposing a solution?

to understand everyone needs and develop a solution together

What should criticism target?

A specific behavior rather than the persons character

What are the four steps of constructive criticism?

state your feelings, explain your thoughts about the behavior, describe its impact, and request a change

What is the sandwich approach?

A positive statement, a future-oriented instruction, end with a compliment