Ethics & Bioethics (pt 3)

3 Strategies of Normative Ethics:

• having the sense of right and wrong

VIRTUE/VIRTUOUS PERSON

3 Strategies of Normative Ethics:

• One who acts right just because he/she is just that sort of person

VIRTUE/VIRTUOUS PERSON

Virtue theory emphasizes:

moral education since virtuous character traits are developed in one’s youth.

Who argued that most virtues fall at a mean between more extreme character traits.

Aristotle

Opposite of virtue is?

Vice

Who established the thought that people are ethical or moral agents who are capable of giving advice on ethical issues.

Plato & Aristotle

3 Strategies of Normative Ethics:

• base morality on specific, foundational principles of obligation

DUTY

DUTY is also known as:

Deontological/Nonconsequentialist

from the Greek word deon(t) or duty; in view of the nature of our duty or obligation

• means “bind"

Deontological

since these principles are obligatory, regardless of the consequences that might follow from our actions

Nonconsequentialist

The _______ approach to ethics denotes duty on the part of the agent or doer of the action.

Deontological

the ability to understand and act on a moral obligation.

Goodness

_______ is given more importance rather than the outcome of the act.

Obligation

3 RINCIPLES OF DUTY:

• theoretical duty to know the existence and nature of God.

Religious Doctrine

3 RINCIPLES OF DUTY:

• The rules set by religious affiliations have _____ and parables to guide human behavior.

maxims

3 RINCIPLES OF DUTY:

• based on categorical (absolute) imperatives that are derived from rational analysis.

Kantian Ethics

Kantian Ethics is formulated by?

Immanuel Kant

3 RINCIPLES OF DUTY:

• formulates a test that can determine if an act done is right or wrong.

  • "Is it universal?"

  • "Is it reversible?"

Kantian Ethics

“Always treat people as an end and never as a means to an end.”

Immanuel Kant

3 RINCIPLES OF DUTY:

• our duties are “part of the fundamental nature of the universe”

Prima Facie Duties

Prima Facie Duties was by British philosopher:

W.D. Ross

7 PRINCIPLES OF DUTY:

• The duty to keep promises

Fidelity

7 PRINCIPLES OF DUTY:

• The duty to compensate others when we harm them.

Reparation

7 PRINCIPLES OF DUTY:

• The duty to thank those who help us

Gratitude

7 PRINCIPLES OF DUTY:

• The duty to recognize merit

Justice

7 PRINCIPLES OF DUTY:

• The duty to improve the condition of others

Beneficence

7 PRINCIPLES OF DUTY:

• The duty to improve our virtue and intelligence

Self-improvement

7 PRINCIPLES OF DUTY:

• The duty to not injure others

Nonmaleficence

3 RINCIPLES OF DUTY:

• correct moral conduct is determined solely by a cost-benefit analysis of an action’s consequences.
  

CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICS

3 RINCIPLES OF DUTY:

• An action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable.

CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICS

CONSEQUENTIALIST ETHICS is also known as ___________ since the end result of the action is the sole determining factor of its morality.

Teleological Theories

Teleological Theories from the Greek word

telos →end

A philosopher mentioned that public policy should be judged on the outcomes.

John Stuart Mill

those who seek to use government power to give people what they ought to want whether or not they realize that it is good for them are called:

Managerial Liberals

Those who are more interested in addressing what people actually do want-whether or not obtaining this will, objectively speaking, turn out to be good for them--are called:

Subjectivists

3 GENERAL TYPES OF ETHICS:

• most important ethical approach due to its broad application.

APPLIED ETHICS

3 GENERAL TYPES OF ETHICS:

• consists of the analysis of specific, controversial moral issues such as abortion, animal rights oreuthanasia
  
  

APPLIED ETHICS

Subdisciplines of applied ethics:

• environmental

• medical

• social

• business

2 features to be considered as an applied ethical issue:

• issue needs to be controversial

• it must be a distinctly moral issue