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Genetic engeneering

The movement of DNA from one organism to another. Moving peices of DNA from a cell to another

Meiosis

One cell produces 4 genetically different s#x cells with half the original number of chromosomes. Takes place in reproductive organs.

mitosis

One cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells. Takes place in body cells.

number of chromosomes in a cell

46 chromosomes

chromosomes

structures made of DNA that contain genes and carry genetic information

mutagens

Environmental factors that can cause a change in DNA

what can cause mutagens

Radiation, changes in DNA, randomly, chemicals

ressesive traits

A trait that gets hidden by the dominant trait. Both parents must posess the ressesive trait to get it

Dominant traits

The more prominant gene that covers up the ressesive trait

genetic mutations

A change in an organsims DNA

continuos variation

continuos is having a trait that can have many values along a range

discrete variation

Traits that fit intotwo distinct catagories

Variation

The difference in traits between the same species

what are genetics

Study of genes, hereditary, and how traits are passed from parents to offspring.

Bacterial conjugation

Genetic exchange where one bacterium transfers DNA to another

Internal fertilization

A form of sexual reproduction where the sperm cells unites with the egg cell inside the female organisms body.

External fertilization

A mode of sexual reproduction in which sperm unites woth an egg outside of the female organisms body typically in moist or aquatic environments.

Animals (sexual)

A reproductive process where haploid male and female gametes fuse during fertilization.

reproductive parts of plants

Female: Pistil, stigma, style, ovarys, eggs Male: stamen anther filament.

Plants (sexual)

A reproductive process in flowering species where pollen is transfered from male plants to female.

sexual reproduction pros and cons

Pros: Divercity, Adaptable, No harmful mutations. Cons: Mate required, slow, high energy

runners

Specialized horizontal stems that grow along the surface or soil to help plants reproduce asexually.

gymnosperms

Non flowering vascular plants that produce seeds that sit exposed out of the plants.

meristem

Region of plant tissue made from stem cells that are capable of continuos cellular division.

asexual reproduction pros and cons

pros: No mate required, fast reproduction, preserves good traits cons: No divercity, competition, mutagens

Binary fission

A single parent cell duplicates its genetic material and divides into two genetically identical daughter cells

Asexual reproduction in plants (Parts)

runners, modified stems and roots

types of asexual reproduction

Binary fission, budding, fragmentation, spore formation

How many chromosomes does a zygote have

46 chromosomes

How many chromosomes does a gamete have

23 chromosomes

How many pairs of chromosomes does a normal cell have

46 chromosomes