Great West and Industry Comes of Age Vocab (APUSH 2)

Daniel Burnham

influential American architect and urban plannerwho spearheaded the City Beautiful movement during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era

Louis Sullivan

influential American architect of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, widely known as the "father of skyscrapers" and a pioneer of modern architecture

Dumbbell Tenements

a multi-story urban apartment building built in New York City after the Tenement House Act of 1879 to house low-income working-class families and European immigrants

Boss Tweed

the corrupt leader of Tammany Hall, New York City's powerful Democratic Party political machine during the Gilded Age

Tammany Hall

a powerful New York City Democratic political machine that dominated local and state politics from the late 18th century through the mid-20th century

Fundermentalists vs Modernist

a major cultural and religious divide pitting traditional, literal interpretations of the Bible against a liberal adaptation of faith to modern science and urban culture

Morrill Act

a U.S. federal law signed by President Abraham Lincoln that granted public land to states to sell and use the proceeds to fund colleges focusing on agriculture and the mechanic arts

William Randolph Hearst

an influential American newspaper publisher and media tycoon in the late 19th and early 20th centuries who is a key figure in AP U.S. History (APUSH) for his role in yellow journalism and the Spanish-American War

Joseph Pulitzer

a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher of the [St. Louis Post-Dispatch] and the [New York World] who pioneered "new journalism" and popularized sensationalist reporting linked to the Spanish-American War

Yellow Journalism

a late 19th-century style of newspaper reporting that relied on sensationalism, exaggerated or fabricated stories, and dramatic headlines to sell more papers rather than report objective facts

WEB DuBois

Harvard-trained sociologist, historian, and civil rights leader who demanded immediate political equality, voting rights, and the total end of segregation for African Americans during the Jim Crow era

Booker T Washington

African American educator, author, and civil rights leader during the Jim Crow era who advocated for vocational training, economic self-reliance, and gradualism rather than immediate political agitation

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

the oldest and largest civil rights organization in the United States, founded in 1909 during the Progressive Era by an interracial coalition that included W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, and white reformers

A Century of Dishonor

an 1881 non-fiction book by Helen Hunt Jackson that documents the United States government's history of broken treaties, forced land seizures, and violence against Native American tribes

Origin of Species 

an 1859 scientific book by Charles Darwin that introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection

Pikers Peakers

refers to the estimated 100,000 gold seekers who rushed to the Rocky Mountains of western Kansas and southwestern Nebraska territories (modern-day Colorado) following the discovery of gold at Pikes Peak in 1858–1859

Long Drive

the post-Civil War era system where cowboys herded Texas longhorn cattle hundreds of miles north from Texas to railroad shipping centers ("cow towns") in Kansas and other northern markets

Homestead Act

a landmark 1862 federal law passed during the Civil War that granted 160 acres of public western land to any adult U.S. citizen (or person intending to become a citizen) who paid a small registration fee, lived on the land, built a home, and farmed it for five continuous years

Gold Standard of 1900

a federal law signed by President William McKinley on March 14, 1900, that made gold the sole backing for U.S. paper currency.

Treaty of Fort Laramie 1851

an agreement between the U.S. government and several Native American nations (including the Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, Assiniboine, Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara) to establish peace and define territorial boundaries during westward expansion

Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868

an agreement between the United States government and the Sioux Nation (along with the Arapaho) that ended Red Cloud's War and established the Great Sioux Reservation

Frontier Line

the moving boundary that separated settled, civilized areas of the United States from unsettled wilderness and Native American lands

Battle of Wounded Knee

an 1890 mass killing of approximately 250 to 300 Lakota people by the United States Army at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota

Buffalo Soldiers

African American U.S. Army soldiers who served primarily on the Western frontier following the American Civil War, established under the Army Organization Act of 1866

Bozeman Trail

an overland gold-rush route in the American West (1863–1868) that branched off the Oregon Trail in Wyoming and ran north through the Powder River country to the gold fields of southern Montana

Fetterman Massacre

battle during Red Cloud's War in Wyoming, where a coalition of Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors ambushed and killed all 81 U.S. soldiers and civilians under Captain William J. Fetterman

Sand Creek Massacre

a surprise attack on November 29, 1864, in which roughly 675 Colorado volunteer cavalrymen led by Colonel John Chivington brutally attacked a peaceful encampment of Cheyenne and Arapaho people in southeastern Colorado Territory, killing an estimated 150 to 230 individuals—mostly women, children, and elders

Little Bighorn River

an armed engagement in Montana Territory where a coalition of Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors decisively defeated Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and the U.S. Army's 7th Cavalry Regiment

Chief Joseph

a key figure representing Native American resistance to U.S. expansion and forced reservation policies

Sitting Bull

a Hunkpapa Lakota chief and holy man who symbolized Native American resistance against U.S. expansion and broken treaties during the post-Civil War era

Messiah Letter

text outlining the doctrine of the Ghost Dance movement, a vital religious and cultural revival that swept through Native American tribes in the late 19th century

Carlisle Indian School

the first federally funded, off-reservation boarding school for Native American children in Carlisle, Pennsylvania

Dawes Act

a federal law that broke up communal Native American reservation lands into individual private plots to force assimilation

Significance of barbed wire

An inexpensive fencing material consisting of steel wire strands twisted together with sharp barbs, patented by Joseph Glidden in 1874.

It revolutionized the American West by allowing large areas of land to be fenced cheaply without the need for scarce timber.

Transcontinental Railroad

the first continuous rail line connecting the eastern United States railroad network to the Pacific Coast

Time zones

the four standard geographical time divisions created by the American Railroad Association to synchronize train schedules across the continental United States

1896 Presidential Election

a major turning point in American history where Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan, ending the political power of rural farmers and beginning an era of Republican dominance

The Gospel of Wealth

a 1889 essay written by steel tycoon Andrew Carnegie arguing that the super-rich have a moral obligation to use their surplus money for public philanthropy during their lifetimes